Today’s overall challenges of reindeer pastoralism, i.e., pasture degradation, climate change, conflicting land use, and predation as well as the underlying meshwork of ecology, socio-economy, culture, and politics requires further research. Overutilization of pastures, reinforced by their general loss has led to a decrease in body weight of reindeer, higher mortality, and lower reproduction in parts of Fennoscandia; therefore, this calls for sustainable pasture management based on adapted pasture utilization. This study focuses on different regions in Norway and contributes to current research by implementing and testing a new methodological framework that aims at the joint evaluation of fine-scale spatio-temporal patterns of pasture resources and their actual utilization from a reindeer’s perspective, including an upscaling to spatial entities relevant for management. While we gained valuable insights into the micro-spatial heterogeneity of arctic-alpine ecosystems in terms of pasture resources to be determined by interacting ecological processes and functionalities rather than structures, it were exactly these processes and functionalities that rendered any meaningful upscaling impossible: functionally decoupled from patterns at a broader scale, they could not be derived from the commonly available broad-scale structural data. Hence, approaches that integrate over the microspatial variability of arctic-alpine environments along with models that estimate pasture resources must lead to miscalculations of the available resources. Additionally, our findings on habitat preferences, which mirror the available usable resources, point to the fact that organisms experience their environment neither at coarse nor single scales, indicating that any aggregation bias can be significant in projections that do not consider the appropriate scales and inherent functionalities when judging available resources to be utilized. Inaccurately estimated available pasture resources and a utilization of these resources by reindeer that is highly variable in space and time (and thus cannot be described by a single model) have important implications for the management of reindeer pastoralism. Currently, only rough guidelines can be provided; these guidelines need to be combined with the traditional knowledge of the herders to achieve an optimal utilization of the pastures.

中文翻译：

---

对可用牧场资源和驯鹿栖息地偏好的广泛假设表明与北极-高山景观的生态现实脱钩

当今驯鹿畜牧业面临的总体挑战，即牧场退化、气候变化、冲突的土地利用和捕食以及生态、社会经济、文化和政治的潜在网络需要进一步研究。牧场的过度利用，由于其普遍损失而加剧，导致驯鹿体重下降，死亡率增加，芬诺斯坎迪亚部分地区的繁殖率降低；因此，这需要基于适应性牧场利用的可持续牧场管理。本研究侧重于挪威的不同地区，并通过实施和测试一种新的方法论框架为当前的研究做出贡献，该框架旨在从驯鹿的角度对牧场资源的精细时空模式及其实际利用进行联合评估，包括升级到与管理相关的空间实体。虽然我们在牧场资源方面获得了对北极-高山生态系统微空间异质性的宝贵见解，这些资源由相互作用的生态过程和功能而不是结构决定，但正是这些过程和功能使任何有意义的升级变得不可能：功能解耦从更广泛的模式中，它们无法从普遍可用的广泛结构数据中推导出来。因此，将北极-高山环境的微空间变异性与估计牧场资源的模型相结合的方法必然会导致对可用资源的错误计算。此外，我们对栖息地偏好的发现反映了可用的可用资源，指出生物体既不以粗略也不以单一尺度体验其环境的事实，表明在判断要利用的可用资源时未考虑适当尺度和固有功能的预测中，任何聚合偏差都可能是显着的。不准确估计的可用牧场资源以及驯鹿对这些资源在空间和时间上高度可变（因此无法用单一模型描述）的利用对驯鹿畜牧业的管理具有重要意义。目前，只能提供粗略的指导方针；这些准则需要与牧民的传统知识相结合，以实现牧场的最佳利用。表明在判断要利用的可用资源时没有考虑适当的规模和固有功能的预测中，任何汇总偏差都可能是显着的。不准确估计的可用牧场资源以及驯鹿对这些资源在空间和时间上高度可变（因此无法用单一模型描述）的利用对驯鹿畜牧业的管理具有重要意义。目前，只能提供粗略的指导方针；这些准则需要与牧民的传统知识相结合，以实现牧场的最佳利用。表明在判断要利用的可用资源时没有考虑适当的规模和固有功能的预测中，任何汇总偏差都可能是显着的。不准确估计的可用牧场资源以及驯鹿对这些资源在空间和时间上高度可变（因此无法用单一模型描述）的利用对驯鹿畜牧业的管理具有重要意义。目前，只能提供粗略的指导方针；这些准则需要与牧民的传统知识相结合，以实现牧场的最佳利用。不准确估计的可用牧场资源以及驯鹿对这些资源在空间和时间上高度可变（因此无法用单一模型描述）的利用对驯鹿畜牧业的管理具有重要意义。目前，只能提供粗略的指导方针；这些准则需要与牧民的传统知识相结合，以实现牧场的最佳利用。不准确估计的可用牧场资源以及驯鹿对这些资源在空间和时间上高度可变（因此无法用单一模型描述）的利用对驯鹿畜牧业的管理具有重要意义。目前，只能提供粗略的指导方针；这些准则需要与牧民的传统知识相结合，以实现牧场的最佳利用。