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Comparison of the performance of three types of multiple regression for phenology in Bavaria in a dynamical-statistical model approach
Erdkunde ( IF 0.8 ) Pub Date : 2017-10-25 , DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2017.04.01
Felix Pollinger , Katrin Ziegler , Heiko Paeth

Some of the most obvious consequences of anthropogenic climate change are observed changes in the dates of the occurrence of phenological events. Most prominently, observations from the Northern Hemisphere’s extratropics indicate an earlier occurrence of spring events. Recent climate models include land surface schemes that provide representation of the vegetation. However, they are limited in simulating the plants’ response to climate change. In this study we present results of a dynamical-statistical modeling approach for phenology in southeastern Germany, combining climate change simulations provided by a high resolution, state-of-the-art regional climate model (RCM) with three different types of regression methods: ordinary least squares (OLS), least absolute deviation (LAD) and random forest (RFO). We focus on changes in the day of the year (DOY) of Forsythia suspensa flowering, the earliest phenophase of the growing season in Bavaria. Based on roughly 2600 observations, collected at 94 phenological and 26 meteorological stations between 1952 and 2013, we compare the regressions via a bootstrap, using once 13 and once 4 meteorological variables as predictors. Altogether, we find the regressions with less variables to be more robust, while the regression estimates are nearly identical. Explained variance and RMSE (root mean square error) are 54.8 % and 8.8 days for RFO and 51.2 % and 9.1 days for the other regressions. These trained and cross validated statistical models are used to estimate the effects of future climate change on the DOY by applying them to the RCM simulations. For OLS or LAD, under a low (high) greenhouse gas emission scenario, we find a mean advance of the DOY of 8 (15) days by the end of the 21th century compared to the base period from 1961 to 1990. The spatial pattern of the change resembles the topography, with the strongest trends in the DOY over mountainous regions as a consequence of a simultaneous rise in temperatures and reduction in snow depth. RFO is restricted to the range of the observations and hence the response to the simulated climate is damped, resulting in an advance of DOY of only 5 (8) days and a reduction in variance. There is no apparent spatial pattern identifiable. Altogether, we find OLS and LAD to be more suitable for dynamical-statistical modeling of phenology than RFO.

中文翻译:

采用动态统计模型方法比较巴伐利亚物候学的三种多元回归的性能

人为气候变化的一些最明显的后果是观察到物候事件发生日期的变化。最突出的是,来自北半球温带地区的观测表明春季事件发生得更早。最近的气候模型包括提供植被代表性的地表方案。然而,它们在模拟植物对气候变化的反应方面是有限的。在这项研究中,我们展示了德国东南部物候学动态统计建模方法的结果,将高分辨率、最先进的区域气候模型 (RCM) 提供的气候变化模拟与三种不同类型的回归方法相结合:普通最小二乘法 (OLS)、最小绝对偏差 (LAD) 和随机森林 (RFO)。我们专注于连翘开花的一年中哪一天 (DOY) 的变化,这是巴伐利亚生长季节最早的物候期。基于 1952 年至 2013 年在 94 个物候站和 26 个气象站收集的大约 2600 次观测,​​我们通过引导程序比较回归,使用一次 13 次和一次 4 次气象变量作为预测变量。总而言之,我们发现具有较少变量的回归更加稳健,而回归估计几乎相同。RFO 的解释方差和 RMSE(均方根误差)分别为 54.8% 和 8.8 天,其他回归为 51.2% 和 9.1 天。这些经过训练和交叉验证的统计模型用于通过将它们应用于 RCM 模拟来估计未来气候变化对 DOY 的影响。对于 OLS 或 LAD,在低(高)温室气体排放情景下,我们发现与 1961 年至 1990 年的基期相比,到 21 世纪末 DOY 平均提前 8(15)天。变化的空间格局类似于地形,由于气温升高和积雪深度减少,DOY 在山区的趋势最为强烈。RFO 受限于观测范围,因此对模拟气候的响应受到抑制,导致 DOY 仅提前 5 (8) 天,并减少了方差。没有明显的空间模式可识别。总之,我们发现 OLS 和 LAD 比 RFO 更适合于物候学的动态统计建模。我们发现,与 1961 年至 1990 年的基期相比,到 21 世纪末 DOY 平均提前 8 (15) 天。变化的空间格局类似于地形,山区的 DOY 趋势最强气温升高和积雪深度减少的结果。RFO 受限于观测范围,因此对模拟气候的响应受到抑制,导致 DOY 仅提前 5 (8) 天,并减少了方差。没有明显的空间模式可识别。总之,我们发现 OLS 和 LAD 比 RFO 更适合于物候学的动态统计建模。我们发现,与 1961 年至 1990 年的基期相比,到 21 世纪末 DOY 平均提前 8 (15) 天。变化的空间格局类似于地形,DOY 的趋势在山区上空最强气温升高和积雪深度减少的结果。RFO 受限于观测范围,因此对模拟气候的响应受到抑制,导致 DOY 仅提前 5 (8) 天,并减少了方差。没有明显的空间模式可识别。总之,我们发现 OLS 和 LAD 比 RFO 更适合于物候学的动态统计建模。由于气温升高和积雪深度减少,DOY 在山区的趋势最为强烈。RFO 受限于观测范围,因此对模拟气候的响应受到抑制,导致 DOY 仅提前 5 (8) 天,并减少了方差。没有明显的空间模式可识别。总之,我们发现 OLS 和 LAD 比 RFO 更适合于物候学的动态统计建模。由于气温升高和积雪深度减少,DOY 在山区的趋势最为强烈。RFO 受限于观测范围,因此对模拟气候的响应受到抑制,导致 DOY 仅提前 5 (8) 天,并减少了方差。没有明显的空间模式可识别。总之,我们发现 OLS 和 LAD 比 RFO 更适合于物候学的动态统计建模。
更新日期:2017-10-25
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