Ammonites were among the first life restorations of invertebrate fossil animals. These restorations appeared at around the same time (the 1830s)—and were executed by some of the same artists and scientists—as the earliest restorations of fossil vertebrates. As was the case for many of these vertebrates, ammonite restorations underwent major changes over the next century. These changes were associated with shifts in which living species were used as the basis for comparison with the extinct ammonites. The first models were argonauts (paper nautilus), because at the time they were better known than living Nautilus. By the mid-nineteenth century, Nautilus began to be used as a model, but with an ‘argonaut mode’ of life (floating on the surface). More modern-looking, subsurface restorations first appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The issue of ‘taxonomic uniformitarianism’ remains a fundamental challenge for efforts to understand ammonite biology today, and this is reflected in the...

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炸药的生命恢复和分类统一主义的挑战

炸药是无脊椎动物化石动物的第一批生命修复物。这些修复大约在同一时间（1830年代）出现，并且是最早的化石脊椎动物修复，由一些相同的艺术家和科学家执行。像许多这些脊椎动物一样，在下一世纪，century石的修复经历了重大变化。这些变化与生物物种被用作与灭绝的铵盐进行比较的基础有关。第一个模型是argonauts（纸鹦鹉螺），因为当时它们比活着的鹦鹉螺更好。到19世纪中叶，鹦鹉螺开始被用作模型，但具有生命的“太空飞船模式”（漂浮在水面上）。更现代的外观 地下修复首次出现在19世纪末和20世纪初。分类学统一主义的问题仍然是当今努力了解铵生物学的一项基本挑战，这反映在...