Background: Inequalities in mortality are often attributed to socioeconomic differences in education level, income, and wealth. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is generally related to worse health and survival across the life course. Yet, disadvantaged people are also more likely to hold jobs requiring heavy physical labor, repetitive movement, ergonomic strain, and safety hazards. Objective: We examine the link between primary lifetime occupation, together with education and net worth, on survival among older adults in Mexico. Methods: We use data from four waves (2001, 2003, 2012, and 2015) of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). We estimate age-specific mortality rates for ages 50 and over using a hazards model based on a two-parameter Gompertz function. Results: Primary lifetime occupations have a stronger association with survival for women than men. Women with higher socioeconomic status have significantly lower mortality rates than lower status women, whether SES is assessed in terms of schooling, wealth, or occupation. Occupational categories are not jointly related to survival among men, even without controls for education and wealth. There are significant survival differences by wealth among men, but no disparities in mortality by education. Conclusions: Consistent with recent studies of the Mexican population, we fail to find the expected gradient in the association between some measures of SES and better survival among men. Contribution: Our estimates extend this anomalous pattern among Mexican men to another dimension of SES, occupation. SES differentials in mortality are substantially larger for Mexican women, highlighting an important gender disparity.

中文翻译：

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手上长满老茧，寿命更短？墨西哥的职业和老年人生存

背景：死亡率的不平等通常归因于教育水平、收入和财富的社会经济差异。低社会经济地位（SES）通常与整个生命过程中较差的健康和生存有关。然而，弱势群体也更有可能从事需要重体力劳动、重复性运动、人体工程学压力和安全隐患的工作。目标：我们研究了墨西哥老年人的主要终生职业以及教育和净资产之间的联系。方法：我们使用墨西哥健康与老龄化研究 (MHAS) 的四轮（2001 年、2003 年、2012 年和 2015 年）的数据。我们使用基于两参数 Gompertz 函数的危害模型来估计 50 岁及以上的特定年龄死亡率。结果：女性终生主要职业与生存的相关性比男性更强。无论社会经济地位是根据受教育程度、财富还是职业来评估，社会经济地位较高的妇女的死亡率显着低于社会经济地位较低的妇女。即使没有对教育和财富的控制，职业类别也与男性的生存没有共同关系。男性之间的生存率因财富而存在显着差异，但死亡率因受教育程度而没有差异。结论：与最近对墨西哥人口的研究一致，我们未能找到某些 SES 指标与男性更好生存率之间关联的预期梯度。贡献：我们的估计将墨西哥男性中的这种异常模式扩展到社会经济地位的另一个维度，即职业。墨西哥女性的社会经济地位死亡率差异要大得多，凸显了重要的性别差异。