The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is expected to more than double by 2050. Studies on the pathophysiology of AD have been changing our understanding of this disorder and setting a new scenario for drug development and other therapies. Concepts like the “amyloid cascade” and the “continuum of AD,” discussed in this article, are now well established. From updated classifications and recommendations to advances in biomarkers of AD, we aim to critically assess the literature on AD, addressing new definitions and challenges that emerged from recent studies on the subject. Updates on the status of major clinical trials are also given, and future perspectives are discussed.

中文翻译：

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阿尔茨海默病的早期诊断和治疗：新定义和挑战

到 2050 年，阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，预计其患病率将增加一倍以上。对 AD 病理生理学的研究已经改变了我们对这种疾病的理解，并为药物开发和其他疗法开辟了新的前景。本文中讨论的“淀粉样蛋白级联”和“AD 连续体”等概念现在已经确立。从更新的分类和建议到 AD 生物标志物的进展，我们旨在批判性地评估 AD 的文献，解决最近有关该主题的研究中出现的新定义和挑战。还提供了主要临床试验状态的最新信息，并讨论了未来的前景。