For thousands of years, hunters and gatherers lived in the Aleutians with spiritual beliefs tightly interwoven into almost every aspect of daily life with help from Qugax̂ (spirits who assist). When Russian and Europeans arrived in Alaska in 1741, they wrote journals containing irreplaceable information about Unangax̂ (indigenous peoples of the Aleutians) before the subsequent onslaught of Russian fur hunters forever altered ancient belief systems. This paper utilizes an ethnoscience analysis that focused on seven objects or concepts (loud sea lion voice, bravery, red ochre, feathers, belts, amulets, and knives) to attempt to reconstruct how the people might have utilized spiritual beliefs to safeguard themselves. This analysis indicates that phenomena documented in 1741 had multiple layers of meaning within the ancient Unangax̂ spiritual world, whose purpose may have been to provide spiritual protection during an encounter with strangers who might become aggressive or violent.

中文翻译：

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Quga x̂：古代Unangax的民族学分析̂

数千年来，在Qugax̂（协助精神的人）的帮助下，狩猎者和采集者生活在阿留申群岛，他们的精神信仰与日常生活的方方面面紧密地交织在一起。当俄罗斯人和欧洲人于1741年到达阿拉斯加时，他们写了一些日记，其中包含有关Unangax̂（阿留申群岛的土著人民）的不可替代的信息，随后俄国皮毛猎手随后遭受猛烈攻击，从而永远改变了古老的信仰体系。本文利用民族科学分析，重点关注七个对象或概念（大声海狮的声音，勇敢，红色，羽毛，皮带，护身符和刀子），以尝试重建人们如何利用精神信仰来保护自己。这一分析表明，在1741年记录的现象在古代Unangax的精神世界中具有多层含义，