This article examines the relationship between forward and backward gapping, based on the evidence from Polish, a language that allows both types. The two types of gapping differ with respect to polarity mismatches, word order, compatibility with relational modifiers, cumulative agreement, and the ability to gap subconstituents. However, they pattern together with respect to inflectional mismatches, preposition stranding, and the behavior of the remnants with respect to movement constraints. Both the differences and the similarities are argued to follow from two distinct derivations, in which forward gapping involves ellipsis (resulting in two copies of the gapped string), whereas backward gapping involves a multidominant structure with the gapped string being literally shared between the two conjuncts (resulting in a single copy).

中文翻译：

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前向和后向间隙的关系

本文根据波兰语（这两种语言都支持）的证据，研究了向前和向后的鸿沟之间的关系。两种类型的间隙在极性不匹配，字序，与关系修饰符的兼容性，累积一致性以及间隙取代基的能力方面有所不同。但是，它们在变形不匹配，介词搁浅以及残余物相对于运动约束的行为方面共同作用。差异和相似性都源于两个不同的派生，其中前向分隔包含省略号（导致有间隔的字符串的两个副本），而后向分隔包含多主导结构，且间隔连接的字符串实际上在两个合相之间共享（导致单个副本）。