Effective planning makes a vital contribution to developmental success. It is generally perceived as being either centralized (top‐down) or decentralized (bottom‐up). Centralized planning dominated the early development decades, but disappointing results greatly lessened its appeal and paved the way for participatory and decentralized planning. Both types of planning are evident today, but the question has arisen as to whether top‐down and bottom‐up planning can be successfully combined into one effective, efficient, and popular system. This question is examined through the case of Bhutan where central planning was introduced at the outset of the country's push for modernization and today leads the way in the country's pursuit of Gross National Happiness (GNH). However, central planning has been complemented with decentralized participatory planning at the subnational levels. Success in aligning the two planning modes has been achieved by incremental development of the planning system, orientation to the unifying national vision of GNH, a powerful central planning agency, actors at all levels who are able and knowledgeable in their planning roles, and processes that are well organized and proven to work to the satisfaction of all participants.

中文翻译：

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自上而下和自下而上的发展规划：不丹的案例

有效的计划为发展成功做出了至关重要的贡献。通常将其视为集中式（自上而下）或分散式（自下而上）。集中式计划在早期发展的几十年中占据了主导地位，但令人失望的结果大大降低了其吸引力，并为参与式和分散式计划铺平了道路。这两种类型的计划在今天都很明显，但是关于自上而下和自下而上的计划是否可以成功地组合成一个有效，高效和流行的系统的问题出现了。通过不丹的案例研究了这个问题，不丹在该国推动现代化之初就引入了中央计划，如今已成为该国追求国民幸福总值（GNH）的道路。然而，中央计划已经在地方以下各级的分散式参与计划中得到了补充。通过逐步发展计划体系，适应统一国民党的统一国家愿景，一个强大的中央计划机构，各级有能力和知识渊博的计划角色以及流程的过程，已经成功地使两种计划模式保持一致。组织良好，经实践证明可以使所有参与者满意。