For decades, day–night patterns in behaviour have been investigated by asking people about their sleep–wake timing, their diurnal activity patterns, and their sleep duration. We demonstrate that the increasing digitalization of lifestyle offers new possibilities for research to investigate day–night patterns and related traits with the help of behavioural data. Using smartphone sensing, we collected in vivo data from 597 participants across several weeks and extracted behavioural day–night pattern indicators. Using this data, we explored three popular research topics. First, we focused on individual differences in day–night patterns by investigating whether ‘morning larks’ and ‘night owls’ manifest in smartphone‐sensed behavioural indicators. Second, we examined whether personality traits are related to day–night patterns. Finally, exploring social jetlag, we investigated whether traits and work weekly day–night behaviours influence day–night patterns on weekends. Our findings highlight that behavioural data play an essential role in understanding daily routines and their relations to personality traits. We discuss how psychological research can integrate new behavioural approaches to study personality.

中文翻译：

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挑战晨云雀和夜猫子：使用智能手机感应数据调查昼夜行为模式

几十年来，通过询问人们的睡眠-觉醒时间，昼夜活动模式和睡眠时间，研究了昼夜行为模式。我们证明，生活方式的数字化日益发展，为借助行为数据研究昼夜模式和相关特征提供了新的可能性。使用智能手机感应，我们进行了体内收集来自597位参与者的数周数据，并提取了昼夜行为模式指标。利用这些数据，我们探索了三个流行的研究主题。首先，我们通过研究智能手机感知的行为指标中是否存在“晨云雀”和“夜猫子”来关注昼夜模式下的个体差异。其次，我们检查了人格特征是否与昼夜模式有关。最后，探索社会时差，我们调查了特质和每周工作的昼夜行为是否会影响周末的昼夜模式。我们的研究结果表明，行为数据在理解日常工作及其与人格特质的关系中起着至关重要的作用。我们讨论心理学研究如何整合新的行为方法来研究人格。