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Linking Soft Excess in Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources with Optically Thick Wind Driven by Supercritical Accretion
The Astrophysical Journal ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 , DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc959
Yanli Qiu 1 , Hua Feng 1, 2
Affiliation  

Supercritical accretion onto compact objects may drive massive winds that are nearly spherical, optically thick, and Eddington limited. Blackbody emission from the photosphere is the direct observational signature of the wind. Here we investigate whether or not it can explain the soft emission component seen in the energy spectra of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs). Based on high-quality XMM-Newton spectra of 15 ULXs, we find that the soft component can be modeled as blackbody emission with a nearly constant luminosity, and the 5 known pulsating ULXs (PULXs) in the sample display a blackbody luminosity among the lowest. These are consistent with the scenario that the soft emission originates from the photosphere of the optically thick wind. However, the derived blackbody luminosity for PULXs is significantly above the Eddington limit for neutron stars. A possible explanation is that a considerable fraction of the optically thick wind roots in the inner accretion flow, where the radiative flux could exceed the Eddington limit due to a reduced scattering cross-section or enhanced radiation transfer with magnetic buoyancy. Based on a wind model, the inferred mass accretion rate in these standard ULXs overlaps but is on average lower than that in luminous and very soft X-ray sources, which are also candidates with supercritical accretion. Alternatively, it cannot be ruled out that the soft emission component is a result of the hard component, e.g., via down-scattering in a cool medium, as a weak correlation may exist between them.

中文翻译:

将超亮 X 射线源中的软过剩与超临界吸积驱动的光学厚风联系起来

致密物体上的超临界吸积可能会驱动近乎球形、光学厚度和爱丁顿极限的巨大风。来自光球层的黑体发射是风的直接观测特征。在这里,我们研究它是否可以解释在超亮 X 射线源 (ULX) 的能谱中看到的软发射分量。基于 15 个 ULX 的高质量 XMM-牛顿光谱,我们发现软成分可以建模为具有几乎恒定光度的黑体发射,样本中 5 个已知的脉动 ULX (PULX) 显示出最低的黑体光度. 这些与软发射源自光学厚风的光球层的情况一致。然而,PULX 的衍生黑体光度明显高于中子星的爱丁顿极限。一个可能的解释是,相当大一部分光学厚风根植于内部吸积流中,由于散射截面减少或增强的磁浮力辐射传输,辐射通量可能超过爱丁顿极限。基于风模型,这些标准 ULX 中推断的质量吸积率重叠,但平均低于发光和非常软的 X 射线源,后者也是超临界吸积的候选者。或者,不能排除软发射分量是硬分量的结果,例如,通过在冷介质中向下散射,因为它们之间可能存在弱相关性。一个可能的解释是,相当大一部分光学厚风根植于内部吸积流中,由于散射截面减少或增强的磁浮力辐射传输,辐射通量可能超过爱丁顿极限。基于风模型,这些标准 ULX 中推断的质量吸积率重叠,但平均低于发光和非常软的 X 射线源,后者也是超临界吸积的候选者。或者,不能排除软发射分量是硬分量的结果,例如,通过在冷介质中向下散射,因为它们之间可能存在弱相关性。一个可能的解释是,相当大一部分光学厚风根植于内部吸积流中,由于散射截面减少或增强的磁浮力辐射传输,辐射通量可能超过爱丁顿极限。基于风模型,这些标准 ULX 中推断的质量吸积率重叠,但平均低于发光和非常软的 X 射线源,后者也是超临界吸积的候选者。或者,不能排除软发射分量是硬分量的结果,例如,通过在冷介质中向下散射,因为它们之间可能存在弱相关性。其中,由于散射截面减小或通过磁浮力增强辐射传输,辐射通量可能超过爱丁顿极限。基于风模型,这些标准 ULX 中推断的质量吸积率重叠,但平均低于发光和非常软的 X 射线源,后者也是超临界吸积的候选者。或者,不能排除软发射分量是硬分量的结果,例如,通过在冷介质中向下散射,因为它们之间可能存在弱相关性。其中,由于散射截面减小或通过磁浮力增强辐射传输,辐射通量可能超过爱丁顿极限。基于风模型,这些标准 ULX 中推断的质量吸积率重叠,但平均低于发光和非常软的 X 射线源,后者也是超临界吸积的候选者。或者,不能排除软发射分量是硬分量的结果,例如,通过在冷介质中向下散射,因为它们之间可能存在弱相关性。
更新日期:2021-01-05
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