Macrophages are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis, with the function of tissue development and repair, but also in defense against pathogens. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are considered as the main component in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role in tumor initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis. Recently, metabolic studies have revealeded specific metabolic pathways in macrophages are tightly associated with their phenotype and function. Generally, pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) rely mainly on glycolysis and exhibit impairment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) are more dependent on mitochondrial OXPHOS. However, accumulating evidence suggests that macrophage metabolism is not as simple as previously thought. This review discusses recent advances in immunometabolism and describes how metabolism determines macrophage phenotype and function. In addition, we describe the metabolic characteristics of TAMs as well as their therapeutic implications. Finally, we discuss recent obstacles facing this area as well as promising directions for future study.

中文翻译：

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巨噬细胞反应中的代谢重编程

巨噬细胞是组织动态平衡的关键介体，具有组织发育和修复的功能，还可以防御病原体。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）被认为是肿瘤微环境中的主要组成部分，并且在肿瘤的发生，生长，侵袭和转移中起着重要的作用。最近，代谢研究发现巨噬细胞中的特定代谢途径与其表型和功能密切相关。通常，促炎性巨噬细胞（M1）主要依赖于糖酵解，并表现出三羧酸（TCA）循环和线粒体氧化磷酸化（OXPHOS）受损，而抗炎性巨噬细胞（M2）更依赖于线粒体OXPHOS。但是，越来越多的证据表明，巨噬细胞的代谢并不像以前想象的那么简单。这篇综述讨论了免疫代谢的最新进展，并描述了代谢如何确定巨噬细胞表型和功能。此外，我们描述了TAMs的代谢特征及其治疗意义。最后，我们讨论了该领域面临的最新障碍以及未来研究的有希望的方向。