The survivability analysis of offshore rock lighthouses requires several assumptions of the pressure distribution due to the breaking wave loading (Raby et al. (2019), Antonini et al. (2019). Due to the peculiar bathymetries and topographies of rock pinnacles, there is no dedicated formula to properly quantify the loads induced by the breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses. Wienke’s formula (Wienke and Oumeraci (2005) was used in this study to estimate the loads, even though it was not derived for breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses, but rather for the breaking wave loading on offshore monopiles. However, a thorough sensitivity analysis of the effects of the assumed pressure distribution has never been performed. In this paper, by means of the Wolf Rock lighthouse distinct element model, we quantified the influence of the pressure distributions on the dynamic response of the lighthouse structure. Different pressure distributions were tested, while keeping the initial wave impact area and pressure integrated force unchanged, in order to quantify the effect of different pressure distribution patterns. The pressure distributions considered in this paper showed subtle differences in the overall dynamic structure responses; however, pressure distribution #3, based on published experimental data such as Tanimoto et al. (1986) and Zhou et al. (1991) gave the largest displacements. This scenario has a triangular pressure distribution with a peak at the centroid of the impact area, which then linearly decreases to zero at the top and bottom boundaries of the impact area. The azimuthal horizontal distribution was adopted from Wienke and Oumeraci’s work (2005). The main findings of this study will be of interest not only for the assessment of rock lighthouses but also for all the cylindrical structures built on rock pinnacles or rocky coastlines (with steep foreshore slopes) and exposed to harsh breaking wave loading.

中文翻译：

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破碎波载荷的空间压力分布对狼岩灯塔动力响应的影响

我们量化了压力分布对灯塔结构动力响应的影响。测试了不同的压力分布，同时保持了初始波浪冲击面积和压力积分力不变，以便量化不同压力分布模式的影响。本文所考虑的压力分布在整体动力结构响应中显示出细微的差异。但是，压力分布＃3是根据Tanimoto等人发表的实验数据得出的。（1986）和Zhou等。（1991）给出了最大的位移。此方案具有三角形压力分布，在冲击区域的质心处有一个峰值，然后在冲击区域的顶部和底部边界处线性减小到零。方位角水平分布取自Wienke和Oumeraci（2005）的工作。这项研究的主要发现不仅对于评估岩石灯塔，而且对于在石峰或多岩石的海岸线（陡峭的前坡）上建造并暴露于剧烈的破碎波载荷下的所有圆柱结构都是有意义的。