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Conditional Disclosure of Secrets: Amplification, Closure, Amortization, Lower-bounds, and Separations
SIAM Journal on Computing ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 , DOI: 10.1137/18m1217097
Benny Applebaum , Barak Arkis , Pavel Raykov , Prashant Nalini Vasudevan

SIAM Journal on Computing, Volume 50, Issue 1, Page 32-67, January 2021.
In the conditional disclosure of secrets (CDS) problem [Gertner et al., J. Comput. System Sci., 60 (2000), pp. 592--629] Alice and Bob, who hold inputs $x$ and $y$, respectively, wish to release a common secret $s$ to Carol (who knows both $x$ and $y$) if and only if the input $(x,y)$ satisfies some predefined predicate $f$. Alice and Bob are allowed to send a single message to Carol which may depend on their inputs and some joint randomness and the goal is to minimize the communication complexity while providing information-theoretic security. In this work, we initiate the study of CDS manipulation techniques and derive the following positive and negative results: (Closure) A CDS for $f$ can be turned into a CDS for its complement $\bar{f}$ with only a minor blow-up in complexity. More generally, for a (possibly nonmonotone) predicate $h$, we obtain a CDS for $h(f_1,\ldots,f_m)$ whose cost is essentially linear in the formula size of $h$ and polynomial in the CDS complexity of $f_i$. (Amplification) It is possible to reduce the privacy and correctness error of a CDS from constant to $2^{-k}$ with a multiplicative overhead of $O(k)$. Moreover, this overhead can be amortized over $k$-bit secrets. (Amortization) Every predicate $f$ over $n$-bit inputs admits a CDS for multibit secrets whose amortized communication complexity per secret bit grows linearly with the input length $n$ for sufficiently long secrets. In contrast, the best known upper-bound for single-bit secrets is exponential in $n$. (Lower-bounds) There exists a (nonexplicit) predicate $f$ over $n$-bit inputs for which any perfect (single-bit) CDS requires communication of at least $\Omega(n)$. This is an exponential improvement over the previously known $\Omega(\log n)$ lower-bound. (Separations) There exists an (explicit) predicate whose CDS complexity is exponentially smaller than its randomized communication complexity. This matches a lower-bound of Gay, Kerenidis, and Wee [Advances in Cryptology, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci. 9216, Springer, New York, 2015, pp. 485--502] and, combined with another result of theirs, yields an exponential separation between the communication complexity of linear CDS and non-linear CDS. This is the first provable gap between the communication complexity of linear CDS (which captures most known protocols) and nonlinear CDS.


中文翻译:

有条件地披露秘密:放大,封闭,摊销,下界和分隔

SIAM计算杂志,第50卷,第1期,第32-67页,2021年1月。
在有条件的秘密公开(CDS)问题中[Gertner等人,J。Comput。System Sci。,60(2000),pp。592--629]分别持有输入$ x $和$ y $的Alice和Bob希望向Carol(他们都知道$ x仅当输入$(x,y)$满足某些预定义谓词$ f $时,才可以使用$和$ y $)。爱丽丝和鲍勃被允许向卡罗尔发送一条消息,该消息可能取决于他们的输入和某些联合随机性,目标是在提供信息论安全性的同时最大程度地减少通信复杂性。在这项工作中,我们开始对CDS操纵技术进行研究,并得出以下正面和负面结果:(关闭)仅需花费很少的费用,就可以将$ f $的CDS转换为其补充$ \ bar {f} $的CDS。复杂性爆炸。更一般而言,对于(可能是非单调的)谓词$ h $,我们获得了$ h(f_1,\ ldots,f_m)$的CDS,其成本在$ h $的公式大小中基本上是线性的,而在$ f_i $的CDS复杂度中是多项式的。(放大)可以将CDS的保密性和正确性误差从常数减小到$ 2 ^ {-k} $,乘积为$ O(k)$。而且,这种开销可以分摊到$ k $位的秘密中。(摊销)每个谓词$ f $超过$ n $位的输入都会允许CDS接收多位秘密,其每秘密位的摊销通信复杂度随着输入长度$ n $线性增长而足够长。相反,最知名的单位秘密上限是$ n $的指数形式。(下界)存在一个(非明确的)谓词$ f $超过$ n $位的输入,对于这些谓词,任何完美的(单位)CDS都需要至少$ \ Omega(n)$的通信。与先前已知的$ \ Omega(\ log n)$下界相比,这是指数级的改进。(分离)存在一个(显式)谓词,其CDS复杂度比其随机通信的复杂度小。这与下限的Gay,Kerenidis和Wee [在密码学方面的进展,在Comput中的讲义]相匹配。科学 9216,Springer,纽约,2015年,第485--502页],并结合其另一个结果,得出线性CDS与非线性CDS的通信复杂度之间的指数分离。这是线性CDS(捕获了大多数已知协议)和非线性CDS的通信复杂性之间的第一个可证明的差距。(分离)存在一个(显式)谓词,其CDS复杂度比其随机通信的复杂度小。这与下限的Gay,Kerenidis和Wee [在密码学方面的进展,在Comput中的讲义]相匹配。科学 9216,Springer,纽约,2015年,第485--502页],并结合其另一个结果,得出线性CDS与非线性CDS的通信复杂度之间的指数分离。这是线性CDS(捕获了大多数已知协议)和非线性CDS的通信复杂性之间的第一个可证明的差距。(分离)存在一个(显式)谓词,其CDS复杂度比其随机通信的复杂度小。这与下限的Gay,Kerenidis和Wee [在密码学方面的进展,在Comput中的讲义]相匹配。科学 9216,Springer,纽约,2015年,第485--502页],并结合其另一个结果,得出线性CDS与非线性CDS的通信复杂度之间的指数分离。这是线性CDS(捕获了大多数已知协议)和非线性CDS的通信复杂性之间的第一个可证明的差距。在线性CDS和非线性CDS的通信复杂度之间产生指数分隔。这是线性CDS(捕获了大多数已知协议)和非线性CDS的通信复杂性之间的第一个可证明的差距。在线性CDS和非线性CDS的通信复杂度之间产生指数分隔。这是线性CDS(捕获了大多数已知协议)和非线性CDS的通信复杂性之间的第一个可证明的差距。
更新日期:2021-01-13
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