Over the last two decades, the biotechnologies applied to Cultural heritage (CH) have become a successful novel alternative to the traditional approaches in the CH conservation and preservation. From these new perspectives, microorganisms and their metabolisms can be used for the safeguarding of artworks. Biocleaning is a field with a growing interest, based on eco-friendly processes and safe procedures, where biological reactions occurring in natural habitats are optimized in artificial conditions with the aim of CH conservation. This represents a new tool and opportunity for the development and improvement of the sector, with a great advantage for the CH conservation-restoration, in terms of safety, effectiveness, costs and environmental sustainability. This review focuses on the use of microbes and enzymes involved in biocleaning of CH artworks. The aim is to provide a comprehensive, critical and chronological view of the scientific works published until now where ‘virtuous’ microorganisms are applied on different CH materials, pointing out strength and drawback of the biocleaning treatments.

中文翻译：

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文化遗产生物净化：微生物生物技术的新前沿

在过去的二十年中，应用于文化遗产 (CH) 的生物技术已成为 CH 保护和保存中传统方法的成功替代方案。从这些新的角度来看，微生物及其新陈代谢可以用于艺术品的保护。生物清洁是一个越来越受关注的领域，它基于生态友好的过程和安全的程序，在人工条件下优化自然栖息地中发生的生物反应，以保护 CH。这代表了该部门发展和改进的新工具和机会，在安全性、有效性、成本和环境可持续性方面对 CH 保护-恢复具有巨大优势。本综述侧重于使用微生物和酶参与 CH 艺术品的生物清洁。