The pattern synthesis of timed antenna array with the exploitation and suppression of harmonic radiation is proposed in this paper. Timed arrays are the time‐domain alternatives of conventional antenna arrays, where an additional control parameter “time” is used to generate the desired time‐averaged radiation pattern. This additional control also comes with the inherent hindrance of harmonic radiation, generally considered as an undesired effect of time modulation. In this work, this hindrance is overcome with different objectives considering the exploitation and suppression of harmonic radiation of timed arrays. To demonstrate the exploitation of harmonic radiation, a simultaneous sum and difference pattern with reduced sidelobe suitable for monopulse tracking radar systems is obtained at the fundamental and the first harmonic frequency by an optimal subarrayed pulse splitting and shifting approach. Two separate cases, considering uniform and optimized static excitations along with the proposed subarrayed pulse sequence, are presented for the exhaustive analysis of the simultaneous multibeam pattern. To address the suppression of harmonic radiation, the sidelobe level (SLL) at the fundamental frequency and the sideband levels (SBLs) of higher‐order harmonic frequencies are simultaneously reduced. In this regard, a unique pulse shifting approach for the edge elements of the array, along with an optimal set of static excitations, is proposed to enhance the efficiency of the antenna system by reducing SLL and SBLs at the same time. Two uniquely defined cost functions are chosen to address the above‐mentioned objectives by exploiting and suppressing the harmonic radiation of timed arrays, which further increases the adaptability and reconfigurability of the array. A set of 16‐element “time‐modulated” linear array (TMLA) is considered for optimization, and a wavelet mutation‐based differential evolution (DEWM) algorithm is employed to obtain the optimal solutions. Obtained numerical results are reported and also compared with previously published works to show the proposed approach's potentialities.

中文翻译：

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利用抑制谐波辐射的定时天线阵方向图综合。

提出了一种利用谐波辐射抑制的定时天线阵列的方向图合成方法。定时阵列是常规天线阵列的时域替代方案，其中使用附加的控制参数“时间”来生成所需的时间平均辐射方向图。这种附加控制还带有谐波辐射的固有障碍，通常认为这是时间调制的不良影响。在这项工作中，考虑开发和抑制定时阵列的谐波辐射，可以通过不同的目标克服这一障碍。为了演示谐波辐射的利用，通过最佳子阵列脉冲分裂和移位方法，在基频和一次谐波频率下获得了适用于单脉冲跟踪雷达系统的同时减小旁瓣的同时求和与差模式。考虑到均匀和优化的静态激励以及建议的子阵列脉冲序列，提出了两种单独的情况，用于同时多光束模式的详尽分析。为了解决谐波辐射的抑制，基频的旁瓣电平（SLL）和高阶谐波频率的边带电平（SBLs）同时降低。在这方面，针对阵列边缘元素的独特脉冲移位方法以及一组最佳的静态激励，为了同时降低SLL和SBL，提出了提高天线系统效率的建议。通过开发和抑制定时阵列的谐波辐射，选择了两个唯一定义的成本函数来解决上述目标，这进一步提高了阵列的适应性和可重构性。考虑使用一组16个元素的“时间调制”线性阵列（TMLA）进行优化，并采用基于小波突变的差分进化（DEWM）算法来获得最佳解。报告了获得的数值结果，并将其与以前发表的作品进行了比较，以表明该方法的潜力。通过开发和抑制定时阵列的谐波辐射，选择了两个唯一定义的成本函数来解决上述目标，这进一步提高了阵列的适应性和可重构性。考虑使用一组16个元素的“时间调制”线性阵列（TMLA）进行优化，并采用基于小波突变的差分进化（DEWM）算法来获得最佳解。报告了获得的数值结果，并将其与以前发表的作品进行了比较，以表明该方法的潜力。通过开发和抑制定时阵列的谐波辐射，选择了两个唯一定义的成本函数来解决上述目标，这进一步提高了阵列的适应性和可重构性。考虑使用一组16个元素的“时间调制”线性阵列（TMLA）进行优化，并采用基于小波突变的差分进化（DEWM）算法来获得最佳解。报告了获得的数值结果，并将其与以前发表的作品进行了比较，以显示该方法的潜力。然后采用基于小波突变的差分进化（DEWM）算法获得最佳解。报告了获得的数值结果，并将其与以前发表的作品进行了比较，以表明该方法的潜力。然后采用基于小波突变的差分进化（DEWM）算法获得最佳解。报告了获得的数值结果，并将其与以前发表的作品进行了比较，以表明该方法的潜力。