A discrepancy between what was predicted and what is observed has been linked to increased looking times, changes in brain electrical activity, and increased pupil dilation in infants. These processes associated with heightened attention and readiness to learn might enhance the encoding and memory consolidation of the surprising object, as suggested by both the infant and the adult literature. We therefore investigated whether the presence of surprise during the encoding context enhances subsequent encoding and recognition memory processes for the items that violated infants' expectations. Seventeen‐month‐olds viewed 20 familiar objects, half of which were labeled correctly, while the other half were mislabeled. Subsequently, infants were presented with a silent recognition memory test where the previously labeled objects appeared along with new images. Pupil dilation was measured, with more dilated pupils indicating (1) surprise during those labeling events where the item was mislabeled and (2) successful retrieval processes during the memory test. Infants responded with more pupil dilation to mislabeling compared to correct labeling. Importantly, despite the presence of a surprise response during mislabeling, infants only differentiated between the previously seen and unseen items at the memory test, offering no evidence that surprise had facilitated the encoding of the mislabeled items.

中文翻译：

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惊喜会增强婴儿的记忆力吗？评估编码上下文对后续对象识别的影响

预测值与观察值之间的差异与婴儿注视时间的增加、脑电活动的变化以及瞳孔扩张的增加有关。正如婴儿和成人文献所暗示的那样，这些与高度关注和学习准备相关的过程可能会增强令人惊讶的物体的编码和记忆巩固。因此，我们调查了在编码上下文中出现的惊喜是否会增强对违反婴儿期望的项目的后续编码和识别记忆过程。17 个月大的孩子观看了 20 个熟悉的物体，其中一半被正确标记，另一半被错误标记。随后，婴儿接受了无声识别记忆测试，其中先前标记的对象与新图像一起出现。测量瞳孔扩张，更多扩张的瞳孔表明 (1) 在那些项目被错误标记的标记事件中感到惊讶，以及 (2) 在记忆测试期间成功的检索过程。与正确标记相比，婴儿对错误标记的反应是更大的瞳孔扩张。重要的是，尽管在贴错标签期间会出现意外反应，但婴儿在记忆测试中仅区分之前看到的和未看到的项目，没有证据表明惊讶促进了错误标签项目的编码。瞳孔扩大表明 (1) 在项目被错误标记的那些标记事件中感到惊讶，以及 (2) 在记忆测试期间成功的检索过程。与正确标记相比，婴儿对错误标记的反应是更大的瞳孔扩张。重要的是，尽管在贴错标签期间会出现意外反应，但婴儿在记忆测试中仅区分之前看到的和未看到的项目，没有证据表明惊讶促进了错误标签项目的编码。瞳孔扩大表明 (1) 在项目被错误标记的那些标记事件中感到惊讶，以及 (2) 在记忆测试期间成功的检索过程。与正确标记相比，婴儿对错误标记的反应是更大的瞳孔扩张。重要的是，尽管在贴错标签期间会出现意外反应，但婴儿在记忆测试中仅区分之前看到的和未看到的项目，没有证据表明惊讶促进了错误标签项目的编码。