Chronic kidney disease (CKD) typically appears alongside other comorbidities, highlighting an underlying complex pathophysiology that is thought to be vastly modulated by the bidirectional gut–kidney crosstalk. By combining advances in tissue engineering, biofabrication, microfluidics, and biosensors, microphysiological systems (MPSs) have emerged as promising approaches for emulating the in vitro interconnection of multiple organs, while addressing the limitations of animal models. Mimicking the (patho)physiological states of the gut–kidney axis in vitro requires an MPS that can simulate not only this direct bidirectional crosstalk but also the contributions of other physiological participants such as the liver and the immune system. We discuss recent developments in the field that could potentially lead to in vitro modeling of the gut–kidney axis in CKD.

慢性肾脏病 (CKD) 通常与其他合并症一起出现，突出了潜在的复杂病理生理学，该病理生理学被认为受双向肠道 - 肾脏串扰的极大调节。通过结合组织工程、生物制造、微流体和生物传感器的进步，微生理系统 (MPS) 已成为模拟多个器官体外互连的有前途的方法，同时解决了动物模型的局限性。在体外模拟肠-肾轴的（病理）生理状态需要一个 MPS，它不仅可以模拟这种直接的双向串扰，还可以模拟其他生理参与者（如肝脏和免疫系统）的贡献。我们讨论了该领域的最新进展，这些进展可能导致CKD 中肠 - 肾轴的体外建模。