Integration of the electric vehicles (EVs) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology with renewable energy sources (RESs) is the hottest topics among researchers. Many studies have been done in this field, but in most of them, discussion of aspects of electrified transportation have been limited. The V2G system due to its structure and supporting role for the grid influences the power demand and supply curve simultaneously depending on the patterns of driving, preferences for charging/discharging times, location, and the infrastructure of the system. Due to complexity of this system, it is necessary to cover all the influential elements in one package and analyze the impact of the system on them in a unique process. In this paper, we apply a precise and efficient methodology to analyze the impacts of the EVs and V2G on reliability, cost, and emissions with respect to the power grid. The strength of this paper is the applicability of the suggested methodology to the power grids with different patterns and features with respect to shares of RESs generated power by explicitly considering the stochastic parameters shaping the daily demand/supply curves. We introduce two novel indexes for measuring the reliability of the power grid based on availability of the RESs under power supply systems: stochastic and constant power supply. To cover all the possibilities, based on different penetration levels of EVs and V2G, charging modes, locations and schedules several cases are defined and for each case, the Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the impacts of the considered cases regarding the reliability, emission, and cost of the power grid. In the numerical analysis under assumed cases, results show integration of the EVs and V2G system in stochastic power supply (high RESs) improves the power grid’s efficiency in terms of decreasing the total cost and emission rate. The intermittent nature of RESs can increase fluctuation in the power grid and consequently negatively affect the reliability of the system but our analysis indicates that integration of these sources with V2G system can improve the reliability of the power grid.

电动汽车（EV）和车辆对电网（V2G）技术与可再生能源（RESs）的集成是研究人员中最热门的话题。在该领域已经进行了许多研究，但是在大多数研究中，关于电动运输的讨论受到限制。V2G系统由于其结构和对电网的支持作用，同时取决于驱动方式，对充电/放电时间的偏好，位置和系统的基础结构，同时影响电力需求和供电曲线。由于该系统的复杂性，有必要将所有有影响力的元素包含在一个程序包中，并在一个独特的过程中分析系统对它们的影响。在本文中，我们采用一种精确而有效的方法来分析EV和V2G对可靠性，成本，和有关电网的排放。本文的优势在于，通过明确考虑影响日需求/供应曲线的随机参数，所建议的方法可应用于具有不同模式和特征的RES发电量份额的电网。基于供电系统下RES的可用性，我们引入了两个新颖的指标来衡量电网的可靠性：随机和恒定电源。为了涵盖所有可能性，基于电动汽车和V2G的不同渗透水平，充电模式，位置和时间表，定义了几种情况，对于每种情况，使用蒙特卡洛模拟来评估考虑的情况对可靠性，排放的影响，以及电网成本。在假定情况下的数值分析中，结果表明，将电动汽车和V2G系统集成到随机电源（高RES）中可以降低总成本和排放率，从而提高了电网的效率。RES的间歇性可能会增加电网的波动，从而对系统的可靠性产生负面影响，但我们的分析表明，将这些电源与V2G系统集成可以提高电网的可靠性。