A system of farming with an alternation of land use between being cultivated or left fallow as grassland (Feldgraswirtschaft) developed in southwestern Germany since the Bronze Age. It involved fallow periods, where the arable land is left without crops in order to let it recover its fertility for several years while becoming grassland. This led to regeneration of the topsoil humus, which could later be mobilized by cultivation. With later farming systems, the supply of nutrients needed for crops could also be provided by manuring, which allowed shorter fallow periods but required the production of manure. Such cultivation systems with short or even without fallow phases and with intensive manuring are known from the medieval period as one, two or three field systems of agriculture and their development was an important step towards the intensification of farming. The current study considers on-site plant macrofossil data from archaeological sites as well as the off-site pollen data from cores in Baden-Württemberg in order to recognize the main changes towards agricultural intensification through time from the Bronze Age up to medieval times. The various landscape types included in the study area also reveal their different agricultural histories of intensification. In lowlands with good soils, the intensification can be recognized earlier and more strongly than in uplands or other marginal areas. The main shift towards intensification took place in the Roman period, which is also confirmed by written sources of the time that mention manuring as well as a kind of two field system and alternation between grassland and arable land.

一种耕种制度，在耕种或休耕作为草地之间交替使用土地（Feldgraswirtschaft）自青铜时代起就在德国西南部开发。它涉及休耕期，可耕地没有农作物，以便在成为草地的同时能够恢复数年的肥力。这导致了表土腐殖质的再生，后来可以通过耕种动员。在以后的耕作系统中，农作物也可以通过施肥来提供作物所需的营养，这可以缩短休耕期，但需要肥料。从中世纪开始，这种耕种系统短暂或什至没有休耕期和密集耕作的耕作系统被称为一，二或三个农业田间系统，它们的发展是朝着集约化农业迈出的重要一步。当前的研究考虑了来自考古现场的现场植物大化石数据以及来自巴登-符腾堡州核心地带的现场花粉数据，以便认识到从青铜时代到中世纪，农业集约化的主要变化。研究区域中包括的各种景观类型也揭示了它们不同的集约化农业历史。在土壤状况良好的低地上，与高地或其他边缘地区相比，集约化可以更早，更强烈地被识别。向集约化的主要转变发生在罗马时期，这一点也得到了当时的书面资料的证实，其中提到了肥料以及一种两田制以及草地和耕地之间的交替。