Mosquitoes are vectors of pathogens affecting humans causing morbidity, mortality and significant economic losses. Insecticides provide main-protection against vector-mosquitoes. However, synthetic insecticides, cause environmental contamination and increase vector resistance. These effects make it a priority to search for alternative means that are not deleterious to the environment and are public health acceptable. Here, we report oviposition deterrence, blood-feeding inhibition, excito-repellent effect, and larvicidal activities by essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of Lantana. camara L., Hyptis. suaveolens Poit., Hyptis. spicigera Lam, and Ocimum. canum Sims against local laboratory strains of Anopheles. gambiae s. s. and Anopheles coluzzii. All bioassays followed WHO standard protocols including minor modifications to evaluate the oviposition deterrence of gravid females, inhibition of adult blood-feeding and mortality caused by EO (essential oils), and larval susceptibility to EO. All EO tested showed strong oviposition deterrence, and the oviposition activity index ranged from −1 to - 0.75. Using a tunnel, we showed that EO have excito-repellent and blood-feeding inhibitory activities, and induced adult mortality. Engorged females tested ranged from 10.58 to 26.40%. L. camara EO had the highest larvicidal activity on both mosquito strains, and LC 50 values of 102.78 and 92.20 ppm (part per million) for An. coluzzii and An. gambiae, respectively. The two mosquito strains showed similar susceptibilities to EOs. Overall, our results show that the EO used in this study could be used in developing effective and environmentally friendly approach to deter oviposition, repel mosquitoes, and control larvae.

中文翻译：

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四种精油的杀幼虫、排卵和兴奋驱虫活性：一种对抗疟疾载体 Anopheles coluzzii 和 Anopheles gambiae（双翅目：Culicidae）的环保工具

蚊子是影响人类的病原体的载体，会导致发病率、死亡率和重大经济损失。杀虫剂主要针对媒介蚊虫提供保护。然而，合成杀虫剂会导致环境污染并增加病媒抗性。这些影响使得寻找对环境无害且公众健康可接受的替代方法成为当务之急。在这里，我们报告了马缨丹叶精油 (EO) 的排卵威慑、吸血抑制、兴奋驱避作用和杀幼虫活性。卡马拉 L., Hyptis. suaveolens Poit., Hyptis。spicigera Lam 和 Ocimum。canum Sims 对抗当地实验室的按蚊菌株。冈比亚 ss 和 Anopheles coluzzii。所有生物测定均遵循 WHO 标准方案，包括进行微小修改以评估妊娠雌性的产卵抑制、抑制成体采血和 EO（精油）引起的死亡率，以及幼虫对 EO 的敏感性。所有测试的EO均显示出强大的产卵威慑力，产卵活动指数范围为-1至- 0.75。使用隧道，我们表明 EO 具有兴奋驱避和吸血抑制活性，并导致成人死亡率。被测试的充血女性的范围从 10.58 到 26.40%。L. camara EO 对两种蚊子品系的杀幼虫活性最高，An 的 LC 50 值分别为 102.78 和 92.20 ppm（百万分之一）。coluzzii 和 An. 冈比亚，分别。两种蚊子品系对 EO 表现出相似的敏感性。全面的，