Bees are vitally important in natural and agricultural ecosystems, providing key pollination services to wild plants and crops. Increasing reports of regional declines of bee populations have attracted intense attention worldwide. Challenges to bee health are multifactorial and include poor nutrition, heat stress, agrochemicals, and pathogens. The impact of heat stress is a relatively minor factor in current bee declines compared with agrochemicals and pathogens. However, heat stress has adverse impacts on foraging activity, pollination services, task-related physiology, immunocompetence, reproductive capacity, growth, and development of bees, and these adverse impacts are variable in different bee species. Heat stress–related damage to bees receives extra attention when it is accompanied by climate change. Heat-tolerance mechanisms are key enablers for bee survival under high-temperature stress conditions, and we now understand that both behavior and molecular regulation strongly impact the ability of bees to reduce damage from heat stress. In this review, we summarize and synthesize previous findings about the detrimental effects of heat stress to bees and discuss the strategies bees use to cope with heat stress. Bee species mentioned here are mainly honeybees, bumblebees, and stingless bees, with a focus on the honeybee Apis mellifera .

中文翻译：

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蜜蜂热应激反应机制

蜜蜂在自然和农业生态系统中至关重要，为野生植物和作物提供关键的授粉服务。越来越多关于蜜蜂种群区域性下降的报告引起了全世界的强烈关注。蜜蜂健康面临的挑战是多方面的，包括营养不良、热应激、农用化学品和病原体。与农用化学品和病原体相比，热应激的影响是当前蜜蜂数量下降的一个相对较小的因素。然而，热应激对蜜蜂的觅食活动、授粉服务、与任务相关的生理、免疫能力、繁殖能力、生长和发育有不利影响，这些不利影响在不同的蜜蜂物种中是不同的。当伴随着气候变化时，对蜜蜂的热应激相关损害会受到额外的关注。耐热机制是蜜蜂在高温胁迫条件下生存的关键因素，我们现在了解到，行为和分子调节都会强烈影响蜜蜂减少热胁迫损害的能力。在这篇综述中，我们总结并综合了先前关于热应激对蜜蜂有害影响的发现，并讨论了蜜蜂应对热应激的策略。这里提到的蜜蜂种类主要是蜜蜂、大黄蜂和无刺蜜蜂，重点是蜜蜂。我们总结并综合了先前关于热应激对蜜蜂有害影响的发现，并讨论了蜜蜂应对热应激的策略。这里提到的蜜蜂种类主要是蜜蜂、大黄蜂和无刺蜜蜂，重点是蜜蜂。我们总结并综合了先前关于热应激对蜜蜂有害影响的发现，并讨论了蜜蜂应对热应激的策略。这里提到的蜜蜂种类主要是蜜蜂、大黄蜂和无刺蜜蜂，重点是蜜蜂。