Caffeine, a methylxanthine analog of purine bases, is a compound that is largely consumed in beverages and medications for psychoactive and diuretic effects and plays many beneficial roles in neuronal stimulation and enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses by blocking adenosine receptors in higher organisms. In single-cell eukaryotes, however, caffeine somehow impairs cellular fitness by compromising cell wall integrity, inhibiting target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling and growth, and overriding cell cycle arrest caused by DNA damage. Among its multiple inhibitory targets, caffeine specifically interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinases causing radiosensitization and cytotoxicity via specialized intermediate molecules. Caffeine potentiates the lethality of cells in conjunction with several other stressors such as oxidants, irradiation, and various toxic compounds through largely unknown mechanisms. In this review, recent findings on caffeine effects and cellular detoxification schemes are highlighted and discussed with an emphasis on the inhibitory interactions between caffeine and its multiple targets in eukaryotic microorganisms such as budding and fission yeasts.

中文翻译：

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咖啡因的多效性导致真核微生物染色体不稳定和细胞毒性。

咖啡因是嘌呤碱基的甲基黄嘌呤类似物，是一种化合物，主要用于饮料和药物中，具有精神活性和利尿作用，并通过阻断高等生物体中的腺苷受体，在神经元刺激和增强抗肿瘤免疫反应中发挥许多有益作用。然而，在单细胞真核生物中，咖啡因会通过损害细胞壁完整性、抑制雷帕霉素靶标 (TOR) 信号和生长以及覆盖由 DNA 损伤引起的细胞周期停滞而以某种方式损害细胞适应性。在其多个抑制靶标中，咖啡因与磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶 (PI3K) 相关激酶特异性相互作用，通过专门的中间分子引起放射增敏和细胞毒性。咖啡因与其他几种应激源（例如氧化剂）一起增强细胞的杀伤力，辐射和各种有毒化合物通过很大程度上未知的机制。在这篇综述中，重点介绍了咖啡因效应和细胞解毒方案的最新发现，并重点讨论了咖啡因与其在真核微生物（如芽殖酵母和裂殖酵母）中的多个靶标之间的抑制相互作用。