Interdisciplinary research at the interface of linguistics and archaeology is often concerned with relationships between archaeological cultures and language families, their subgroups, or their proto-languages. This often makes the problematic assumption of a one-to-one correspondence between groupings from the two disciplines. Here, I show how evidence from Northern Peru, a region which once hosted a myriad of well-differentiated local languages and an equally multifaceted sequence of more or less localized pre-Hispanic cultures, can contribute complementary perspectives to existing models. After providing some summary background information, I discuss two regions of Northern Peru –the North Coast and the cloud forests of Chachapoyas– which both exhibit linguistic divisions that correspond to differences in the archaeological record within what has (traditionally) been taken to constitute overarching archaeological cultures; differences in language and cultural expression may both be interpretable as indexes of different pre-Hispanic social, ethnic, or political identities and allegiances. These cases underscore that one-to-one mappings between languages and archaeological cultures (or their expansions) may in some cases be inadequate.

语言学和考古学之间的跨学科研究通常涉及考古文化与语言家族，其子群或原始语言之间的关系。这常常使两个学科的分组之间存在一对一的对应关系成为一个有问题的假设。在这里，我将展示来自秘鲁北部的证据如何为现有模型提供互补的观点，该地区曾经拥有多种多样的本地语言，并且或多或少具有本地化的西班牙前文化的同等多面性。在提供了一些简要的背景信息之后，我将讨论秘鲁北部的两个地区-北海岸和Chachapoyas的云雾森林-它们都表现出与考古记录上的差异相对应的语言划分在（传统上）被视为构成总体考古文化的范围内；语言和文化表达方式的差异都可以解释为西班牙裔之前不同的社会，种族或政治认同和效忠的指标。这些案例强调，在某些情况下，语言与考古文化（或其扩展）之间的一对一映射可能不够充分。