Space modulation techniques (SMTs) are shown to facilitate multiple-input multiple-output transmitter designs with a maximum of a single RF-chain. This article aims to review and summarize recent advancements in SMTs' hardware design and implementations. This includes a discussion of challenges, implementation issues, and the state of the art. Related contents covered in this article are transceiver designs, hardware challenges, practical deployment, and reliability. As well, potential future directions are highlighted.

中文翻译：

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不同空间调制技术的硬件架构设计与实现

空间调制技术 (SMT) 被证明可以促进多输入多输出发射机设计，最多只有一个射频链。本文旨在回顾和总结 SMT 硬件设计和实现的最新进展。这包括对挑战、实施问题和现有技术的讨论。本文涉及的相关内容包括收发器设计、硬件挑战、实际部署和可靠性。此外，还强调了潜在的未来方向。