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Sanitary inspection, microbial water quality analysis, and water safety in handpumps in rural sub-Saharan Africa
npj Clean Water ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 , DOI: 10.1038/s41545-020-00093-z
Emma Kelly , Ryan Cronk , Michael Fisher , Jamie Bartram

In sub-Saharan Africa, over half of the population is exposed to contaminated drinking water. The WHO recommends both sanitary inspection and water quality analysis to assess the risk of water source contamination, but the relationship between these tools is poorly understood. We explore the relationship between sanitary inspection and water quality analysis using data from 1028 boreholes with handpumps in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Sanitary inspection scores and E. coli occurrence were compared using the models described in published literature, and an alternative model that better reflects causal pathways of contamination. In the alternative model, sanitary risk factors were categorized as contamination sources, carriers, or barrier breakdowns, and the relationships between risk factor combinations and E. coli occurrence were assessed. We found no associations between sanitary risk score and E. coli occurrence using either the established or alternative model. These results confirm that sanitary inspections and microbial analyses convey distinct information, and perfect correlation is neither expected nor desired. The alternative model demonstrated a slightly better model fit than most established models, and the model fit further improved when the occurrence of rainfall in the past two days was added as a carrier. We recommend that: implementers train water system operators to conduct sanitary inspection; and researchers work to improve our understanding of the effect of individual sanitary risk factors, as well as incorporate contextual data into their assessments of sanitary inspection and water quality.



中文翻译:

撒哈拉以南非洲农村地区的手泵的卫生检查,微生物水质分析和水安全

在撒哈拉以南非洲,一半以上的人口接触了受污染的饮用水。WHO建议同时进行卫生检查和水质分析以评估水源污染的风险,但是人们对这些工具之间的关系了解甚少。我们使用来自撒哈拉以南非洲12个国家的1028个手泵的1028个钻孔的数据探索了卫生检查与水质分析之间的关系。卫生检查分数和大肠杆菌使用已发表文献中描述的模型,以及可以更好地反映污染的因果路径的替代模型,比较发生率。在替代模型中,卫生风险因素被分类为污染源,携带者或屏障破坏,并评估了风险因素组合与大肠杆菌发生之间的关系。我们发现卫生风险评分与大肠杆菌之间没有关联使用已建立的模型或替代模型发生。这些结果证实,卫生检查和微生物分析可传达独特的信息,并且既不期望也不期望完美的相关性。替代模型的模型拟合度比大多数已建立的模型稍好,并且当添加过去两天出现的降雨作为载体时,模型拟合度进一步提高。我们建议:实施者培训水系统操作员进行卫生检查;研究人员正在努力增进我们对各个卫生风险因素影响的理解,并将上下文数据纳入其对卫生检查和水质的评估中。

更新日期:2021-01-05
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