Recent emerging evidence has revealed that regulatory noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, circular RNAs) modulate host–microbe interactions and they have been proposed as potential biomarkers of the host’s response to microbiome-linked pathologies such as cancers, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Interactions between microRNAs and circular RNAs, however, increase the complexity of the mechanisms that modulate host–microbe interactions. Current knowledge on these noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) is mainly generated from well controlled germ-free or knockout (small) animal models. Application of such knowledge to effective modulation outcomes in humans (and livestock) is challenging due to the complex nature of microbiome-linked pathologies in larger outbred animals that constantly interact with the changing environment. This review critically discusses the findings of regulatory noncoding RNAs and their roles in microbiome-linked pathologies in small and large animals and provides insights on their roles as potential therapeutic agents to improve human (and livestock) health.

最近新出现的证据表明，调节性非编码 RNA（微小 RNA、环状 RNA）调节宿主-微生物相互作用，并且它们已被提议作为宿主对与微生物组相关的病理（如癌症、肥胖和神经退行性疾病）反应的潜在生物标志物。然而，microRNA 和环状 RNA 之间的相互作用增加了调节宿主-微生物相互作用的机制的复杂性。目前关于这些非编码 RNA (ncRNA) 的知识主要来自控制良好的无菌或敲除（小）动物模型。由于在不断与不断变化的环境相互作用的大型远交动物中微生物组相关病理的复杂性，将此类知识应用于人类（和牲畜）的有效调节结果具有挑战性。