Recovery scenario and immunity in COVID-19 disease: A new strategy to predict the potential of reinfection,Journal of Advanced Research

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Recovery scenario and immunity in COVID-19 disease: A new strategy to predict the potential of reinfection
Journal of Advanced Research ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.12.013
Zahra Khoshkam ₁ , Younes Aftabi _{2,

3} , Peter Stenvinkel ₄ , B Paige Lawrence ₅ , Mehran Habibi Rezaei ₁ , Gaku Ichihara _{6,

7} , Sasan Fereidouni ₃

Affiliation

Background

The recent ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), still is an unsolved problem with a growing rate of infected cases and mortality worldwide. The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is targeting the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mostly causes a respiratory illness. Although acquired and resistance immunity is one of the most important aspects of alleviating the trend of the current pandemic; however, there is still a big gap of knowledge regarding the infection process, immunopathogenesis, recovery, and reinfection.

Aim of Review

To answer the questions regarding “the potential and probability of reinfection in COVID-19 infected cases” or “the efficiency and duration of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced immunity against reinfection” we critically evaluated the current reports on SARS-CoV-2 immunity and reinfection with special emphasis on comparative studies using animal models that generalize their finding about protection and reinfection. Also, the contribution of humoral immunity in the process of COVID-19 recovery and the role of ACE2 in virus infectivity and pathogenesis has been discussed. Furthermore, innate and cellular immunity and inflammatory responses in the disease and recovery conditions are reviewed and an overall outline of immunologic aspects of COVID-19 progression and recovery in three different stages are presented. Finally, we categorized the infected cases into four different groups based on the acquired immunity and the potential for reinfection.

Key Scientific Concepts of Review

In this review paper, we proposed a new strategy to predict the potential of reinfection in each identified category. This classification may help to distribute resources more meticulously to determine: who needs to be serologically tested for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, what percentage of the population is immune to the virus, and who needs to be vaccinated.

中文翻译：

COVID-19 疾病的恢复情况和免疫力：预测再感染可能性的新策略

背景

最近持续爆发的 2019 冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 仍然是一个未解决的问题，全球感染病例和死亡率不断上升。新型冠状病毒，即严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2)，以血管紧张素转换酶 2 (ACE2) 受体为目标，主要引起呼吸道疾病。虽然获得性免疫和耐药性免疫是缓解当前疫情趋势的最重要方面之一；然而，对于感染过程、免疫发病机制、恢复和再感染仍然存在很大的认识空白。

审查目的

为了回答有关“COVID-19 感染病例再感染的可能性和可能性”或“SARS-CoV-2 感染诱导的针对再感染的免疫力的效率和持续时间”的问题，我们严格评估了当前有关 SARS-CoV-2 的报告免疫和再感染，特别强调使用动物模型进行比较研究，概括他们关于保护和再感染的发现。此外，还讨论了体液免疫在 COVID-19 恢复过程中的贡献以及 ACE2 在病毒感染性和发病机制中的作用。此外，还回顾了疾病和恢复条件下的先天免疫和细胞免疫以及炎症反应，并概述了三个不同阶段的 COVID-19 进展和恢复的免疫学方面的总体轮廓。最后，我们根据获得的免疫力和再次感染的可能性将感染病例分为四个不同的组。