Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC). The infection is highly contagious, has a high mortality rate, and its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Pulmonary inflammation with substantial lung damage together with generalized immune dysregulation are major components of COVID-19 pathogenesis. The former component, lung damage, seems to be at least in part a consequence of immune dysregulation. Indeed, studies have revealed that immune alteration is not merely an association, as it might occur in systemic infections, but, very likely, the core pathogenic element of COVID-19. In addition, precise management of immune response in COVID-19, i.e. enhancing anti-viral immunity while inhibiting systemic inflammation, may be key to successful treatment. Herein, we have reviewed current evidence related to different aspects of COVID-19 immunology, including innate and adaptive immune responses against the virus and mechanisms of virus-induced immune dysregulation. Considering that current antiviral therapies are chiefly experimental, strategies to do immunotherapy for the management of disease have also been reviewed. Understanding immunology of COVID-19 is important in developing effective therapies as well as diagnostic, and prophylactic strategies for this disease.

由严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起的 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 感染已导致“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”(PHEIC)。这种感染具有高度传染性，死亡率很高，其病理生理学仍知之甚少。具有严重肺损伤的肺部炎症以及全身性免疫失调是 COVID-19 发病机制的主要组成部分。前一个组成部分，即肺损伤，似乎至少部分是免疫失调的结果。事实上，研究表明，免疫改变不仅仅是一种关联，因为它可能发生在全身感染中，而且很可能是 COVID-19 的核心致病因素。此外，精确管理 COVID-19 中的免疫反应，即 在抑制全身炎症的同时增强抗病毒免疫力，可能是成功治疗的关键。在此，我们回顾了与 COVID-19 免疫学不同方面相关的当前证据，包括针对病毒的先天性和适应性免疫反应以及病毒引起的免疫失调机制。考虑到目前的抗病毒疗法主要是实验性的，用于疾病管理的免疫疗法策略也已得到审查。了解 COVID-19 的免疫学对于开发针对该疾病的有效疗法以及诊断和预防策略非常重要。包括针对病毒的先天性和适应性免疫反应以及病毒引起的免疫失调的机制。考虑到目前的抗病毒疗法主要是实验性的，用于疾病管理的免疫疗法策略也已得到审查。了解 COVID-19 的免疫学对于开发针对该疾病的有效疗法以及诊断和预防策略非常重要。包括针对病毒的先天性和适应性免疫反应以及病毒引起的免疫失调的机制。考虑到目前的抗病毒疗法主要是实验性的，用于疾病管理的免疫疗法策略也已得到审查。了解 COVID-19 的免疫学对于开发针对该疾病的有效疗法以及诊断和预防策略非常重要。