Communities living in the Chittagong Hill Districts (CHD) of Bangladesh recurrently observe landslide disasters during the monsoon season (June–September). CHD is primarily dominated by three distinct groups of hill communities, namely, urbanised hill (Bengali), indigenous tribal and stateless Rohingya refugees. Landslide vulnerability amongst them is complex and varies between physical, social, economic, environmental, institutional and cultural dimensions. This study aims to understand driving forces of landslide disasters in the region by emphasising human factors. Data from the three contrasting communities were collected through participatory workshops, in-depth interviews and fieldwork observation. The participants were local people and landslide experts who were purposefully selected from five case study communities in the CHD. They ranked different socio-economic problems, identified causes of landslides and proposed landslide mitigation action plans. Results suggest that the urbanised Bengali and Rohingya refugee communities are highly vulnerable to landslides. The urbanised hill communities largely deal with poverty, social injustice, lack of planning regulations and illegal hill cutting issues, whereas the Rohingya refugees’ predominant constraints are linked to the ongoing genocide and state-sponsored violence in Myanmar hindering their sustainable repatriation, and their protracted living conditions in Bangladesh. The indigenous tribal communities are comparatively resilient to landslides due to their unique history, traditional knowledge, cultural heritage and lifestyle. Landslides in the CHD should be characterised as socio-natural hazards since the components of landslide disasters are profoundly intertwined with the culture–conflict–corruption nexus.

中文翻译：

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孟加拉国滑坡脆弱性的根本原因

居住在孟加拉国吉大港山区 (CHD) 的社区在季风季节（6 月至 9 月）经常发生山体滑坡灾害。CHD 主要由三个不同的山地社区群体主导，即城市化的山地（孟加拉语）、土著部落和无国籍的罗兴亚难民。它们之间的滑坡脆弱性是复杂的，并且在物理、社会、经济、环境、制度和文化层面之间存在差异。本研究旨在通过强调人为因素来了解该地区滑坡灾害的驱动力。来自三个对比鲜明的社区的数据是通过参与式研讨会、深入访谈和实地观察收集的。参与者是当地人和滑坡专家，他们是有目的地从 CHD 的五个案例研究社区中挑选出来的。他们对不同的社会经济问题进行了排名，确定了滑坡的原因并提出了滑坡缓解行动计划。结果表明，城市化的孟加拉和罗兴亚难民社区极易发生山体滑坡。城市化的山地社区主要处理贫困、社会不公、缺乏规划法规和非法砍山问题，而罗兴亚难民的主要制约因素与缅甸持续的种族灭绝和国家支持的暴力有关，阻碍了他们可持续的遣返，以及他们旷日持久的遣返。孟加拉国的生活条件。由于其独特的历史、传统知识、文化遗产和生活方式，土著部落社区对山体滑坡的抵御能力相对较强。