Floral transition in model plants including Arabidopsis and rice has been studied extensively through molecular genetic approaches. Many genetic factors in different flowering pathways, which depend mainly on photoperiod, vernalization, autonomous and ambient temperature are regulated coordinately to control floral induction. However, for the ornamental plants orchids, the molecular mechanisms underlying the floral transition are still unclear. Recently, genes with potential flowering-related functions have been identified in different orchid species and their functional roles have also been characterized/examined using homologous or heterologous systems. In this review, we summarize the molecular networks of flowering genes and their regulation as revealed in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, and also describe the recent discoveries/studies on flowering genes in several commercially representative orchid species providing a perspective on orchid flowering research. In addition, our recent results through transgenic approaches with ectopic expression of Hd3a , a rice florigen gene for the induction of precocious flowering in Phalaenopsis orchids are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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开花开花基因：从模式植物到兰花

已经通过分子遗传学方法广泛研究了模式植物（包括拟南芥和水稻）的花期转变。主要依赖光周期、春化、自主和环境温度的不同开花途径中的许多遗传因子被协调调节以控制成花诱导。然而，对于观赏植物兰花而言，花转化的分子机制尚不清楚。最近，已经在不同的兰花物种中鉴定出具有潜在开花相关功能的基因，并且还使用同源或异源系统表征/检查了它们的功能作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了在拟南芥和水稻等模式植物中揭示的开花基因的分子网络及其调控，并且还描述了最近在几个具有商业代表性的兰花物种中开花基因的发现/研究，为兰花开花研究提供了一个视角。此外，还讨论了我们最近通过异位表达 Hd3a 的转基因方法获得的结果，Hd3a 是一种用于诱导蝴蝶兰兰花早熟的水稻成花基因。