This study presents culture experiments of the cold water species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) and provides new insights into the incorporation of elements in foraminiferal calcite of common and newly established proxies for paleoenvironmental applications (shell Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Na/Ca). Specimens were collected from sea ice during the austral winter in the Antarctic Weddell Sea and subsequently cultured at different salinities and a constant temperature. Incorporation of the fluorescent dye calcein showed new chamber formation in the culture at salinities of 30, 31, and 69. Cultured foraminifers at salinities of 46 to 83 only revealed chamber wall thickening, indicated by the fluorescence of the whole shell. Signs of reproduction and the associated gametogenic calcite were not observed in any of the culture experiments. Trace element analyses were performed using an electron microprobe, which revealed increased shell Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca values at higher salinities, with Mg/Ca showing the lowest sensitivity to salinity changes. This study enhances the knowledge about unusually high element concentrations in foraminifera shells from high latitudes. Neogloboquadrina pachyderma appears to be able to calcify in the Antarctic sea ice within brine channels, which have low temperatures and exceptionally high salinities due to ongoing sea ice formation.

中文翻译：

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盐度对高纬度地区培养的新球藻（左旋）的影响：新的古环境见解

本研究介绍了冷水物种 Neogloboquadrina pachyderma（sinistral）的培养实验，并提供了有关元素在古环境应用（壳 Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca 和 Na/Ca）的常见和新建立的替代物的有孔虫方解石中的结合的新见解. 标本是在南极威德尔海的南方冬季期间从海冰中收集的，随后在不同盐度和恒定温度下进行培养。荧光染料钙黄绿素的掺入表明在 30、31 和 69 盐度的培养物中形成了新的腔室。在 46 至 83 盐度下培养的有孔虫仅显示腔室壁增厚，由整个壳的荧光表示。在任何培养实验中都没有观察到繁殖迹象和相关的配子方解石。使用电子微探针进行微量元素分析，结果显示在较高盐度下壳层 Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca 和 Na/Ca 值增加，而 Mg/Ca 对盐度变化的敏感性最低。这项研究增强了对高纬度有孔虫壳中异常高元素浓度的认识。Neogloboquadrina pachyderma 似乎能够在盐水通道内的南极海冰中钙化，由于持续的海冰形成，盐水通道具有低温和异常高的盐度。