There is ample evidence that intensive management of ecosystems causes declines in biodiversity as well as in multiple ecosystem services, i.e., in multifunctionality. However, less is known about the permanence and reversibility of these responses. To gain insight into whether multifunctionality can be sustained under intensive management, we developed a framework building on the concept of resilience: a system’s ability to avoid displacement and to return or transform to a desired state. We applied it to test the ability of forest multifunctionality to persist during and recover from intensive management for timber production in a boreal forest. Using forest growth simulations and multiobjective optimization, we created alternative future paths where the forest was managed for maximal timber production, for forest multifunctionality, or first maximal timber production and then multifunctionality. We show that forest multifunctionality is substantially diminished under intensive forestry and recovers the slower, the longer intensive forestry has been continued. Intensive forestry thus not only reduces forest multifunctionality but hinders its recovery should management goals change, i.e., weakens its resilience. The results suggest a need to adjust ecosystem management according to long-term sustainability goals already today.

中文翻译：

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森林多功能性无法适应集约化林业

有充分证据表明，对生态系统的集约化管理会导致生物多样性以及多种生态系统服务（即多功能性）的下降。然而，人们对这些反应的持久性和可逆性知之甚少。为了深入了解在集约化管理下是否可以维持多功能性，我们开发了一个基于弹性概念的框架：一个系统能够避免位移并返回或转变为所需状态的能力。我们应用它来测试森林多功能性在北方森林木材生产的集约化管理期间持续存在和恢复的能力。使用森林生长模拟和多目标优化，我们创建了替代的未来路径，其中管理森林以实现最大的木材产量、森林多功能性、或者首先是最大的木材产量，然后是多功能性。我们表明，在集约化林业下，森林多功能性显着减弱，恢复速度越慢，集约化林业持续的时间越长。因此，集约化林业不仅会降低森林的多功能性，而且会在管理目标发生变化时阻碍其恢复，即削弱其恢复能力。结果表明，需要根据今天已经实现的长期可持续性目标来调整生态系统管理。削弱了它的韧性。结果表明，需要根据今天已经实现的长期可持续性目标来调整生态系统管理。削弱了它的韧性。结果表明，需要根据今天已经实现的长期可持续性目标来调整生态系统管理。