The study examined the risk and protective factors for the successful completion of probation orders among youth offenders in Singapore. Specifically, we proposed a typology whereby a predictor can be labeled as a promotive factor, hazard factor, or mixed factor in a direct relationship; or a booster factor or buffering factor in an interactive relationship. This study included 701 youth offenders. Retrospective case file coding was conducted to score the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) and Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk–Youth Version (SAPROF-YV). Most SAPROF factors were shown to be mixed protective factors, whereas most YLS/CMI domains were either mixed risk factors or hazard factors. An absence of a supportive external pedagogical climate (PC) was the strongest mixed factor. For youth with high PC, significant booster factors included high levels of attitudes toward agreements and conditions, motivation for treatment, perseverance, and bonding to school/work, as well as low levels of risk in peer relations and education/employment. For youth with limited PC, buffering factors with the strongest effects include self-control, future orientation, and school/work. Implications for practice and future research were discussed.

中文翻译：

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新加坡青少年罪犯缓刑成功的风险和保护因素

该研究调查了新加坡青少年罪犯成功完成缓刑令的风险和保护因素。具体来说，我们提出了一种类型学，可以将预测变量标记为直接关系中的推动因素，危险因素或混合因素。或互动关系中的推动因素或缓冲因素。这项研究包括701名青少年罪犯。进行了回顾性病例档案编码，以对青少年服务/案例管理清单（YLS / CMI）等级和对暴力风险-青少年版本的保护因素进行结构化评估（SAPROF-YV）。已显示大多数SAPROF因子是混合保护因子，而大多数YLS / CMI域是混合风险因子或危害因子。缺少支持性的外部教学环境（PC）是最强烈的混合因素。对于PC较高的年轻人，重要的推动因素包括对协议和条件的态度较高，治疗的动机，毅力和对学校/工作的依恋，以及同伴关系和教育/就业中的风险较低。对于PC受限的年轻人，影响最大的缓冲因素包括自我控制，未来取向和学校/工作。讨论了对实践和未来研究的意义。