It has been widely documented that immigrants receive lower earnings than the majority of the population in most Western countries. Previous research has pointed to various forms of discrimination that affect immigrants’ wage rates. The authors discuss whether the source of this wage inequality can be found at the occupational level. In this article, the authors argue that occupational closures reduce within-occupation wage inequality. To test their expectations, the authors use Norwegian register data that span all employees. The results align with their expectations, as both occupational licensing and union density strongly reduce immigrant-majority earnings’ inequality. However, neither certifications nor credentialization reduces the immigrant-majority earnings gap.

中文翻译：

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职业关闭的庇护效应？少数民族收入的后果

大量文献记载，移民的收入低于大多数西方国家的大多数人口。先前的研究指出了影响移民工资率的各种形式的歧视。作者讨论了这种工资不平等的根源是否可以在职业层面找到。在本文中，作者认为职业关闭减少了职业内工资不平等。为了测试他们的期望，作者使用了涵盖所有员工的挪威注册数据。结果符合他们的预期，因为职业许可和工会密度都大大减少了移民占多数的收入不平等。然而，无论是认证还是资格认证都无法缩小移民与多数人之间的收入差距。