After decades of decline, the sudden emergence from about 2006 of a new style of hard-right organization has greatly changed the landscape of rightist politics in Japan. In Japan, this is referred to as the Action Conservative Movement (ACM), or Kōdō Hoshu Undō. ACM groups have a strong nativist streak, and are known for their use of hate speech against foreigners in general and Koreans in particular. This paper, the first in a collection of four, sketches in the historical, social and political background against which the ACM has arisen. It covers the development of Japan’s ethnic minorities, with particular reference to the Zainichi Koreans, Japan’s largest and longest-standing ethnic minority, whose so-called ‘special privileges’ are a particular target of the ACM. It shows how a gradual liberalization of the treatment of foreigners in Japan has gone hand-in-hand with a strengthening emphasis on patriotism under successive administrations. This apparent paradox of governance, along with the spread of internet chatrooms and live streaming of political demonstrations, are the main factors identified in the rise of the ACM.

中文翻译：

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本土主义的强烈反对：探索行动保守运动的根源

在经历了几十年的衰落之后，2006 年左右突然出现的一种新型极右翼组织，极大地改变了日本右翼政治的格局。在日本，这被称为行动保守运动 (ACM)，或 Kōdō Hoshu Undō。ACM 团体有强烈的本土主义倾向，以对外国人，尤其是韩国人使用仇恨言论而闻名。本文是四篇论文集中的第一篇，概述了 ACM 产生的历史、社会和政治背景。它涵盖了日本少数民族的发展，特别是日本最大和历史最悠久的少数民族在日朝鲜人，他们所谓的“特权”是 ACM 的特定目标。它显示了在日本的外国人待遇的逐步自由化与历届政府对爱国主义的加强是如何齐头并进的。这种明显的治理悖论，以及互联网聊天室的普及和政治示威的现场直播，是 ACM 崛起的主要因素。