Title IX has been widely recognized as a crucial step toward gender equality in America. Yet it remains unclear how the law actually functions, particularly how it has been used in response to gender disparities in higher education. This article provides the first systematic analysis of how Title IX has been mobilized at the postsecondary level. Drawing on new data acquired through seven Freedom of Information Act requests, I analyze all resolved Title IX complaints filed with the Office of Civil Rights against four-year nonprofit colleges and universities from 1994 to 2014 (N=6,654). I find that the mobilization of Title IX has changed both in frequency and in kind during this period. Filings started to rise after 2000 and exploded after 2009, while sexual harassment complaints nearly equaled academic and athletic filings for the first time in 2014. Finally, despite the egalitarian design of the complaint process, private schools and more selective schools face a disproportionate number of complaints relative to enrollment, indicating the power of institutions in mediating legal mobilization.

中文翻译：

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1994-2014 年美国高校中 Title IX 的动员

第九条已被广泛认为是美国实现性别平等的关键一步。然而，目前尚不清楚该法律的实际运作方式，尤其是如何利用它来应对高等教育中的性别差异。本文首次系统地分析了 Title IX 如何在高等教育层面被动员起来。利用通过七项《信息自由法案》请求获得的新数据，我分析了 1994 年至 2014 年向民权办公室针对四年制非营利学院和大学（N=6,654）提交的所有已解决的 Title IX 投诉。我发现在此期间，Title IX 的动员在频率和种类上都发生了变化。2000年以后申请量开始上升，2009年以后爆炸式增长，