Drawing on social-cognitive and lifespan development perspectives, we examined how individuals view their health as unfolding across time, using a three-wave longitudinal study of American adults (n = 2386; M age = 55.47 years; 55.9% female). Self-rated health (SRH) was perceived to be declining across subjective temporal periods (recollected past, current, anticipated future), particularly by older (vs. younger) adults. Such perceived declines were negatively biased compared to actual changes in SRH over time, especially among older (vs. younger) adults. Physical health (chronic conditions, daily limitations, symptom frequency) worsened across time, with steeper declines for older (vs. younger) adults. Consistent with stereotype embodiment, longitudinal modeling revealed that subjective perceptions of declining SRH predicted actual declines in physical health over time. This study extends previous research and theory on the temporally extended selfand age-related stereotypes by demonstrating the value of a subjective temporal perspective to understanding changes in health across time.

中文翻译：

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自我评估健康的主观轨迹可预测身体健康随时间的变化：一项为期18年的纵向研究的结果

利用对社会认知和终身发展的观点，我们通过对美国成年人（n = 2386； M年龄= 55.47岁； 55.9％的女性）进行的三波纵向研究，研究了个人如何看待自己的健康随着时间的推移而发展。在主观时间段（回顾过去，当前，预期的未来），尤其是年龄较大（相对于年轻人）的成年人，自我评价的健康（SRH）被认为正在下降。与SRH随时间的实际变化相比，这种感知的下降具有负偏见，尤其是在老年人（相对于年轻人）中。随着时间的推移，身体健康（慢性状况，日常限制，症状出现频率）恶化，老年人（与年轻人相比）的下降幅度更大。与刻板印象的实施方式一致，纵向模型显示，对SRH下降的主观感知可以预测身体健康随时间的实际下降。这项研究通过证明主观时态观点对理解跨时代健康变化的价值，扩展了先前关于时间扩展的自我和与年龄相关的刻板印象的研究和理论。