Recently, public debates have questioned whether or not the American government responds differently to terrorism by white, right-wing, Americans. This article examines a historical period in which similar dynamics were on display in state responses to the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan (KKK), Irish-American Fenians, and anarchists from 1860 to 1920. This history suggests that political officials responded to these groups more on the basis of ideas than their actual levels of violence, including discourses of Americanism shaped by ideology, nativism, and racism. Successful claims to ‘Americanism’ lent the KKK a sense of familiarity that led it to be seen as less of a threat to ontological security, even as it posed a significant threat of physical violence. In contrast, the ideologically subversive and foreign anarchists were responded to more severely, despite being responsible for far fewer deaths and injuries than the KKK. This history suggests that American counter-terrorism has been influenced by factors of racial and national belonging in the past, and provides significant context for the consideration of current debates about responses to right-wing groups.

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比较美国人对内战后三K党和跨国暴力的看法

最近，公开辩论质疑美国政府对美国白人右翼恐怖主义的反应是否不同。本文考察了一个历史时期，在这个时期，国家对 1860 年至 1920 年的重建时期三K党 (KKK)、爱尔兰裔美国芬尼亚人和无政府主义者的反应表现出类似的动态。这段历史表明，政治官员对这些团体做出了回应更多地基于思想而不是他们的实际暴力水平，包括由意识形态、本土主义和种族主义塑造的美国主义话语。对“美国主义”的成功宣称给了 KKK 一种熟悉感，使其被视为对本体安全的威胁较小，即使它构成了身体暴力的重大威胁。相比之下，意识形态颠覆者和外国无政府主义者受到更严厉的回应，尽管他们的死伤比 KKK 少得多。这段历史表明，美国反恐过去曾受到种族和民族归属因素的影响，并为考虑当前关于对右翼团体的反应的辩论提供了重要的背景。