Drawing upon 24 years (1991-2015) of U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data, we ask whether sex-based occupational segregation among professional and administrative employees in municipal bureaucracies is related to agency policy missions. We evaluate occupational segregation using two different benchmarks, 30% women and 50% women. At the 30% threshold in distributive and regulatory agencies, our findings suggest erosion of glass walls among professional workforces, but widespread occupational segregation among administrative workforces. At the 50% benchmark, we find a different story. Most cities reach or exceed gender parity in redistributive agencies; however, we observe widespread occupational segregation among administrative and professional workforces in distributive and regulatory agencies. Patterns of sex-based occupational segregation are related to agency policy missions. Analyses of glass walls should not be based on a single benchmark. One option is to supplement evaluations using the customary 30% threshold with evaluations employing a threshold of 50%, or true gender parity.

中文翻译：

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《城市的两个故事》：1991-2015年，重新审视美国市政官僚机构中基于性别的职业隔离

根据美国平等就业机会委员会24年（1991年至2015年）的数据，我们询问市政官僚机构中专业和行政员工之间基于性别的职业隔离是否与代理机构的政策使命有关。我们使用两种不同的基准评估职业隔离，分别是30％的女性和50％的女性。在分配和监管机构中达到30％的门槛时，我们的发现表明专业劳动力中的玻璃墙受到侵蚀，但行政工作人员之间的职业隔离却很普遍。以50％为基准，我们发现了一个不同的故事。大多数城市在再分配机构中达到或超过性别均等；但是，我们发现分配和监管机构中的行政和专业员工之间存在广泛的职业隔离。基于性别的职业隔离模式与代理机构的政策使命有关。玻璃墙的分析不应基于单一基准。一种选择是使用通常的30％阈值补充评估，而采用50％阈值或真正的性别均等进行评估。