Objective: To identify lifetime polyvictimization rates by gender identity and sexual orientation, for a national sample of sexual and gender minority adolescents. Method: An anonymous, incentivized, online survey was completed by 1177 sexual and gender minority adolescents who were currently enrolled in middle or high school (14 to 19-years-old). Results: Most of the sample experienced some form of lifetime physical assault (81.3%), bullying victimization (88.8%), sexual victimization (80.6%), child maltreatment (78.8%), property victimization (80.1%), and indirect or witnessed forms of victimization (75.0%). The overall rate of polyvictimization for the sample was 41.3%. Genderqueer assigned male at birth (65.4%), transgender female (63.2%), transgender male (57.4%), genderqueer assigned female at birth (55.0%), and cisgender female (39.3%) adolescents were significantly more likely to be lifetime polyvictimized than their cisgender male counterparts (31.1%). Additionally, pansexual (56.8%), queer (52.0%), questioning (47.0%), and bisexual (45.8%) participants were significantly more likely to be lifetime polyvictimized than gay-identified peers (32.7%). Conclusions: This is the first study to identify lifetime polyvictimization rates for sexual and gender minority adolescents. These findings call into question the practice of studying single forms of victimization for this population as if they occur in isolation to one another. Future research is needed to identify the shared risk and protective factors across victimization subtypes to inform prevention and intervention strategies for this vulnerable adolescent population. This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice 2 Final Summary Overview: Polyvictimization Prevalence Rates for Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: Breaking Down the Silos of Victimization Research, National Institute of Justice Award Number: 2013-IJ-CX-0029 Purpose: Polyvictimization is a profound public health problem, with 10.2% of 15 to 17-year-old adolescents classified as lifetime polyvictims nationally1. Lifetime polyvictimization is defined as experiencing fifteen or more different forms of victimization by mid to late adolescence.1 Polyvictimized youth report higher rates of psychological distress, post-traumatic stress, depression, and emotional dysregulation in comparison to their non-polyvictimized peers.2,3,4,5 To date, no national studies have established polyvictimization prevalence rates for sexual and gender minority adolescents (SGMA). To begin addressing this gap, we aimed to (1) identify overall prevalence rates for six victimization domains (physical assault, bullying victimization, sexual victimization, child maltreatment, property victimization, and indirect or witnessed forms of victimization) and fortytwo victimization subtypes by gender identity and sexual orientation, (2) examine the interrelationships among the six victimization domains, and (3) identify lifetime polyvictimization rates stratified by demographic factors. We examined SGMA victimization through the conceptual lens of polyvictimization, addressing the fragmentation that is endemic in the field and developing a more comprehensive view of this social problem. Project Subjects, Design, and Methods: Participant (N = 1177) demographics are presented in Table 4 (see p. 13). Eligibility criteria included: 14-19 years old, sexual or gender minority identity, United States residence, middle or high school enrollment, and English literacy. Participants were recruited through Facebook, twelve SGMA organizations across the United States, and a promotional video hosted on the study’s website (www.speakout.berkeley.edu), Facebook page, and YouTube page. The study utilized an anonymous internet-based survey, with data collection from April to June 2015. Study procedures were approved by University of California, Berkeley’s Institutional Review This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice 3 Final Summary Overview: Polyvictimization Prevalence Rates for Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: Breaking Down the Silos of Victimization Research, National Institute of Justice Award Number: 2013-IJ-CX-0029 Board, including a parental waiver of consent to reduce potential harm from sexual and gender identity disclosure to parents. Participants were eligible for a $15 gift card upon survey completion. Gift cards were processed by a separate vendor to preserve the anonymity of all participants. Adapted versions of the Abbreviated Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire – 2nd Revision6 (AJVQ) and Swearer Bullying Survey7 (SBS) were used to assess polyvictimization. AJVQ assessed lifetime prevalence of 38 forms of victimization across five subscales. AJVQ was modified to assess lifetime exposure to child maltreatment and sexual victimization for 18 to 19-year-old participants. A binary variable was created for each AJVQ victimization type to assess lifetime exposure. SBS was adapted to assess lifetime prevalence of four forms of bullying victimization: verbal, relational, physical, and cyber. A binary variable was created for each form of bullying indicating lifetime exposure. To ensure we did not over estimate the number of lifetime types of victimization, we excluded four AJVQ items that overlapped with verbal (one item) and physical (three items) bullying victimization when perpetrated by a peer. Polyvictimization was calculated by creating a count variable of the total number of lifetime victimizations across the 38 AJVQ and four SBS items (max range: 0 to 42). A cut-off of 15 or more victimization experiences was used to determine lifetime polyvictimized status,1 with participants also divided into low (15 to 19 types) and high (20+ types) polyvictimized groups. Age, sexual orientation, gender identity, assigned birth sex, and race/ethnicity were selfreported, with identity categories drawn from previous SGMA research8,9 and refined by our SGMA advisory board during the survey development phase. Urbanicity was assessed using Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes.10 Descriptive analyses were conducted for polyvictimization and victimization subtypes stratified by gender identity and sexual orientation. Bivariate logit analyses were used to identify This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice 4 Final Summary Overview: Polyvictimization Prevalence Rates for Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: Breaking Down the Silos of Victimization Research, National Institute of Justice Award Number: 2013-IJ-CX-0029 significant demographic differences in polyvictimization and victimization subtype rates. Proportions were examined to identify the interrelationships among the six victimization domains. Stata 14 was used for all analyses. Key Findings: Overall Prevalence Rates by Victimization Subtype Table 1 (see p. 8) provides a complete list of overall lifetime victimization rates by domains and subtypes. Most of the sample (81.3%; n = 957) experienced some form of physical assault in their lifetime. Over 80% (n = 914) of the sample experienced some form of sexual victimization during their lifetime, with 69.4% (n = 785) reporting at least one experience of lifetime sexual assault. Child maltreatment was also a common experience, with 78.8% (n = 923) of participants reporting some type of maltreatment in their lifetime. Most of the sample experienced some form of property victimization (80.1%; n = 939) during their lifetime. Lastly, 75.0% of the sample (n = 830) reported at least one type of indirect or witnessed victimization. Victimization Subtype Rates by Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation Table 1 provides rates and significant differences for each victimization domain and subtype by gender identity, using “cisgender male” as the reference category for all statistical comparisons. Genderqueer (AMAB) participants were significantly more likely to be victimized across four different domains (physical assault, child maltreatment, property victimization, and indirect or witnessed victimization) and 20 subtypes. Genderqueer (AFAB) participants were significantly more likely to be victimized across three domains (physical assault, child maltreatment, and indirect or witnessed victimization) and 21 subtypes. Transgender male participants were significantly more likely to experience 11 victimization subtypes. Transgender female participants were significantly more likely to experience three victimization subtypes and less likely to experience any sexual assault. Lastly, cisgender female participants were This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice 5 Final Summary Overview: Polyvictimization Prevalence Rates for Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: Breaking Down the Silos of Victimization Research, National Institute of Justice Award Number: 2013-IJ-CX-0029 significantly more likely to be victimized in a single domain (child maltreatment) and across 10 victimization subtypes. Additionally, cisgender female participants were significantly less likely to experience four victimization subtypes: lifetime genital assault by a sibling, bias-motivated ph

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性和性别少数青少年的多暴力受害者患病率：打破被害研究的孤岛。

目的：通过全国性别和少数族裔青少年样本，通过性别认同和性取向来确定一生的多犯罪率。方法：由目前在初中或高中（14至19岁）就读的1177个性别和性别少数群体青少年完成了一项匿名的，激励性的在线调查。结果：大多数样本经历了某种形式的终身殴打（81.3％），欺凌受害（88.8％），性受害（80.6％），虐待儿童（78.8％），财产受害（80.1％）以及间接或目击者受害形式（75.0％）。样品的多杀害总率为41.3％。性别性别划分为出生时的男性（65.4％），变性女性（63.2％），变性性别的男性（57.4％），性别性别划分的女性（55.0％）和顺式性别女性（39。3％）的青少年一生中比男性的同伴（31.1％）更有可能被一生一世。此外，与同性恋者（32.7％）相比，全性恋者（56.8％），同性恋者（52.0％），询问者（47.0％）和双性恋者（45.8％）明显更有可能被一生多罪。结论：这是第一项确定性和性别少数青少年终生多杀率的研究。这些发现使人们对研究这种人口的单一形式的受害行为，好像它们彼此孤立地发生的做法提出了质疑。需要进一步的研究来确定受害亚型之间的共同风险和保护因素，以为这一易受伤害的青少年群体提供预防和干预策略。此资源由作者使用美国司法部提供的联邦资金准备。所表达的观点或观点是作者的观点或观点，不一定反映美国司法部的官方立场或政策。2最终摘要概述：性和性别少数群体青少年的多暴力受害率：打破性别孤立的观念国家司法研究所受害研究奖编号：2013-IJ-CX-0029目的：多害是一个严重的公共卫生问题，在全国范围内，15至17岁的青少年中有10.2％被归类为一生的多生。一生的多暴力受害者被定义为到青春期中后期到十五种或更多种不同形式的受害。1多暴力受害者表现出较高的心理困扰，创伤后的压力，抑郁和情绪失调，与未受折磨的同龄人相比。2、3、4、5迄今为止，尚无国家研究确定性少数和性少数青少年（SGMA）的被折磨患病率。为了解决这一差距，我们旨在（1）确定六个受害领域（人身攻击，霸凌受害，性受害，虐待儿童，财产受害以及间接或目击形式的受害）和四十二个受害亚型的总体患病率身份和性取向，（2）检查六个受害域之间的相互关系，（3）确定按人口统计学因素分层的终生多受害率。我们通过多受害化的概念视角研究了SGMA受害情况，解决该领域中的地方性分裂问题，并对这个社会问题提出更全面的看法。项目主题，设计和方法：参与者（N = 1177）的人口统计数据如表4所示（请参阅第13页）。资格标准包括：14-19岁，性或性别少数群体身份，美国居住地，初中或高中入学率以及英语素养。通过Facebook，美国的12个SGMA组织以及在研究网站（www.speakout.berkeley.edu），Facebook页面和YouTube页面上托管的宣传视频来招募参与者。这项研究采用了一项基于互联网的匿名调查，收集了2015年4月至2015年6月的数据。研究程序已获加利福尼亚大学批准 伯克利的机构审查该资源由作者使用美国司法部提供的联邦资金编写。所表达的观点或观点仅为作者的观点或观点，不一定反映美国司法部的官方立场或政策。3最终摘要概述：性和性别少数群体青少年的多暴力受害率：打破人们的孤岛国家司法研究所受害研究奖，编号：2013-IJ-CX-0029董事会，其中包括父母放弃同意以减少对父母的性和性别认同泄露的潜在伤害。参加者有资格在调查完成后获得15美元的礼品卡。礼品卡由单独的供应商处理，以保留所有参与者的匿名性。改编版的《少年受害人简短调查表》-第二修订版6（AJVQ）和Swearer欺凌调查7（SBS）被用来评估多受害人。AJVQ评估了五个分量表中38种受害形式的终生患病率。对AJVQ进行了修改，以评估18至19岁参与者终生遭受儿童虐待和性侵害的情况。为每种AJVQ受害类型创建了一个二进制变量来评估终身暴露。SBS适用于评估四种形式的欺凌受害者的终生流行率：口头，关系，身体和网络。为每种形式的欺凌行为创建了一个二进制变量，指示生命周期。为确保我们不会过分估计一生的受害类型，我们排除了四个AJVQ项，它们在同伴犯下时与口头（一项）和身体（三项）欺凌行为重叠。通过创建38个AJVQ和四个SBS项目（最大范围：0到42）中终身受害总数的计数变量来计算多罪犯。使用15个或更多受害经历的临界值来确定一生多暴力受害人的状况，1参与者也分为低（15至19种）和高（20+种）多受害人的组。自我报告了年龄，性取向，性别认同，所分配的出生性别以及种族/民族，其身份类别来自先前的SGMA研究8，9，并由我们的SGMA顾问委员会在调查发展阶段进行了完善。使用城乡通勤区号对城市性进行了评估。10对按性别认同和性取向分层的多暴力和受害亚型进行了描述性分析。使用双变量logit分析确定该资源是由作者使用美国司法部提供的联邦资金准备的。所表达的观点或观点仅为作者的观点或观点，不一定反映美国司法部的官方立场或政策。4最终摘要概述：性和性别少数群体青少年的多暴力受害率：打破性别孤立的观念国家司法研究所受害研究奖编号：2013-IJ-CX-0029多受害和受害亚型率的人口统计学显着差异。检查比例以确定六个受害域之间的相互关系。所有分析均使用Stata 14。主要发现：受害子类型的总体患病率表1（请参见第8页）按域和子类型提供了整个生命周期总受害率的完整列表。大多数样本（81.3％； n = 957）在其一生中都经历过某种形式的身体攻击。超过80％（n = 914）的样本在其一生中经历过某种形式的性侵害，而69.4％（n = 785）的样本中至少有过一生的性侵犯经历。虐待儿童也是一种常见的经历，有78.8％（n = 923）的参与者报告了一生中遭受过某种虐待。大多数样本在其一生中经历了某种形式的财产受害（80.1％； n = 939）。最后75。0％的样本（n = 830）报告了至少一种类型的间接或目击受害者。按性别认同和性取向划分的受害亚型比率表1提供了按性别认同对每个受害领域和亚型的受害率和显着差异，所有统计比较均使用“顺性别男性”作为参考类别。性别平等（AMAB）参与者在四个不同领域（人身攻击，虐待儿童，财产遭受伤害以及间接或目击者遭受伤害）和20个亚类型中的受害可能性更高。性别平等（AFAB）参与者在三个领域（人身攻击，虐待儿童以及间接或目击的受害者）和21个亚型中受害的可能性更大。跨性别男性参与者更有可能经历11种受害亚型。跨性别女性参与者更有可能经历三种受害亚型，而遭受任何性侵犯的可能性均较小。最后，有顺性女性参加者是本作者使用美国司法部提供的联邦资金编写的。所表达的观点或观点是作者的观点或观点，不一定反映美国司法部的正式立场或政策。5最终摘要概述：性和性别少数群体青少年的多暴力受害率：打破人们的孤岛国家司法研究所受害研究奖编号：2013-IJ-CX-0029在单个域（虐待儿童）和10种受害亚型中受害的可能性明显更高。此外，顺势女性参与者遭受四种受害亚型的可能性显着降低：兄弟姐妹，偏见动机的ph对终生生殖器的攻击