Greater attention to secular and nonreligious individuals has provided much-needed balance as well as alternative interpretations of commonly held assumptions regarding religiosity/spirituality (R/S). Contrary to the theory that R/S provides unique benefits in areas such as prosociality and mental health, analogous secular mechanisms exist. The conflation of effects attributed to R/S together with secular effects represents a congruence fallacy. Studies often lack proper controls found in other areas of psychology (e.g., dismantling or placebo designs) that could detect when religion is acting as a proxy for more basic underlying influences. For example, an increased focus on the nonreligious has revealed that religious belief has often been confounded with factors such as strong worldview conviction, social engagement, and normative cultural fit. R/S differences co-occur with demographic, personality, cognitive, and epistemic variables that exert causal influence independent of any religious content. Experimental and treatment outcome studies featuring effects attributed to R/S often have not included equivalent secular conditions or stimuli. The association between spirituality and well-being has been artificially inflated because of conceptual blurring on assessment measures, leading to the miscategorization of some nonreligious individuals into the spirituality domain. In sum, a more specified and critical approach is needed in order to validate assumptions that religiosity and spirituality exert unique effects.

中文翻译：

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关注非宗教性揭示了福祉和亲社会性背后的世俗机制。

对世俗和非宗教人士的更多关注提供了急需的平衡以及对有关宗教信仰/灵性 (R/S) 的普遍假设的替代解释。与 R/S 在亲社会性和心理健康等领域提供独特益处的理论相反，存在类似的世俗机制。归因于 R/S 的效应与世俗效应的混合代表了一种一致性谬误。研究通常缺乏在其他心理学领域（例如拆解或安慰剂设计）中发现的适当控制，可以检测宗教何时充当更基本的潜在影响的代理。例如，对非宗教的日益关注表明，宗教信仰经常与强烈的世界观信念、社会参与和规范的文化契合等因素混淆。R/S 差异与人口统计学、个性、认知和认知变量同时发生，这些变量产生独立于任何宗教内容的因果影响。以 R/S 效应为特征的实验和治疗结果研究通常不包括等效的世俗条件或刺激。由于评估措施的概念模糊，灵性与幸福之间的关联被人为夸大，导致一些非宗教个体被错误地归类到灵性领域。总之，需要一种更具体和批判性的方法来验证宗教和灵性发挥独特影响的假设。以 R/S 效应为特征的实验和治疗结果研究通常不包括等效的世俗条件或刺激。由于评估措施的概念模糊，灵性与幸福之间的关联被人为夸大，导致一些非宗教个体被错误地归类到灵性领域。总之，需要一种更具体和批判性的方法来验证宗教和灵性发挥独特影响的假设。以 R/S 效应为特征的实验和治疗结果研究通常不包括等效的世俗条件或刺激。由于评估措施的概念模糊，灵性与幸福之间的关联被人为夸大，导致一些非宗教个体被错误地归类到灵性领域。总之，需要一种更具体和批判性的方法来验证宗教和灵性发挥独特影响的假设。导致一些非宗教人士被错误地归类到灵性领域。总之，需要一种更具体和批判性的方法来验证宗教和灵性发挥独特影响的假设。导致一些非宗教人士被错误地归类到灵性领域。总之，需要一种更具体和批判性的方法来验证宗教和灵性发挥独特影响的假设。