Using secondary survey data from a national representative sample of Italian adult residents (N = 5,863, age range = 18–74 years, 54% females), this study aimed to test linear and nonlinear associations between religiosity and attitudes toward immigrants (i.e., xenophobia and tolerance) and examine moderating mechanisms of sociodemographic variables (i.e., age, gender, education, birth country, parental birth country, and contact with immigrants). Psychological measures included religiosity, xenophobia, and tolerance toward immigrants. A restricted cubic spline regression model with 3 knots best fit the data to explain both xenophobia and tolerance outcomes. Analyses of interaction effects evidenced nonlinearity between religiosity with xenophobia and tolerance only among participants who had contact with immigrants. Higher antiimmigrant attitudes were observed at both extremes of religiosity. Results are discussed in light of the contact hypothesis.

中文翻译：

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宗教信仰、仇外心理和对意大利移民的容忍之间线性和非线性关联的调节器。

使用来自意大利成年居民的全国代表性样本（N = 5,863，年龄范围 = 18-74 岁，54% 女性）的二次调查数据，本研究旨在测试宗教信仰和对移民的态度（即仇外心理）之间的线性和非线性关联。和容忍度）并检查社会人口变量（即年龄、性别、教育、出生国、父母出生国和与移民的接触）的调节机制。心理测量包括宗教信仰、仇外心理和对移民的容忍度。具有 3 节的受限三次样条回归模型最适合用于解释仇外心理和容忍结果的数据。相互作用效应的分析表明，只有与移民有接触的参与者的宗教信仰与仇外心理和容忍之间存在非线性。在宗教信仰的两个极端都观察到更高的反移民态度。根据接触假设讨论结果。