The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) and its successor, the PDM-2, were developed to provide a framework for conceptualizing psychological dysfunction that is more comprehensive and clinically useful than extant symptom-focused diagnostic manuals (i.e., the International Classification of Diseases, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). By evaluating symptom patterns and the patient’s subjective experience (Axis S), personality patterns and disorders (Axis P), and the individual’s mental functioning in a broad array of domains (Axis M), the PDM-2 provides a contrasting, person-centered perspective to the conceptualization and classification of psychopathology. This article examines the ways in which PDM-2 can enhance case formulation, psychodynamic and otherwise. I begin by describing the evolution of the major diagnostic systems, and contemporary approaches to case formulation. I discuss the role of diagnostic manuals in case formulation, and the ways in which PDM-2 may be more helpful than other diagnostic systems in this regard. Finally, I describe the ways in which PDM-2 sets the stage for more rigorous multimethod psychological assessment to enhance case conceptualization and facilitate treatment, and offer suggestions for future work in this area.

中文翻译：

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从症状到过程：案例制定、临床效用和 PDM-2。

心理动力学诊断手册 (PDM) 及其继任者 PDM-2 旨在提供一个概念化心理功能障碍的框架，该框架比现有的以症状为中心的诊断手册（即国际疾病分类、精神疾病诊断与统计手册）。通过评估症状模式和患者的主观体验（轴 S）、人格模式和障碍（轴 P）以及个人在广泛领域的心理功能（轴 M），PDM-2 提供了一个对比鲜明的、以人为中心的对精神病理学的概念化和分类的看法。本文研究了 PDM-2 可以增强案例制定、心理动力学和其他方面的方式。我首先描述了主要诊断系统的演变，以及案例制定的当代方法。我讨论了诊断手册在病例制定中的作用，以及 PDM-2 在这方面可能比其他诊断系统更有帮助的方式。最后，我描述了 PDM-2 为更严格的多方法心理评估奠定基础以增强案例概念化和促进治疗的方式，并为该领域的未来工作提供建议。