Bollen and colleagues have advocated the use of formative scales despite the fact that formative scales lack an adequate underlying theory to guide development or validation such as that which underlies reflective scales. Three conceptual impediments impede the development of such theory: the redefinition of measurement restricted to the context of model fitting, the inscrutable notion of conceptual unity, and a systematic conflation of item scores with attributes. Setting aside these impediments opens the door to progress in developing the needed theory to support formative scale use. A broader perspective facilitates consideration of standard scale development concerns as applied to formative scales including scale development, item analysis, reliability, and item bias. While formative scales require a different pattern of emphasis, all five of the traditional sources of validity evidence apply to formative scales. Responsible use of formative scales requires greater attention to developing the requisite underlying theory.

中文翻译：

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形成量表的量表理论发展的三个概念障碍

尽管事实证明量表缺乏足够的基础理论来指导开发或验证，例如反射量表的基础，但Bollen及其同事仍提倡使用量表。三个概念上的障碍阻碍了这种理论的发展：测量的重新定义仅限于模型拟合的上下文，概念统一的难以理解的概念以及项目得分与属性的系统化融合。撇开这些障碍，可以为发展所需的理论以支持形成规模的使用打开大门。更广泛的视角有助于考虑将标准量表开发问题应用于形成性量表，包括量表开发，项目分析，可靠性和项目偏差。虽然形成尺度需要不同的强调方式，有效性证据的所有五个传统来源都适用于形成量表。负责任地使用形成性量表需要更加注意发展必要的基础理论。