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Associations Between Theory of Mind, Executive Function, and Friendship Quality in Middle Childhood
Merrill-Palmer Quarterly ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2018-01-01 , DOI: 10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.64.3.0397
Stephanie E. Miller , Rachael E. Reavis , Brittany N. Avila

Abstract:Despite our wealth of knowledge regarding theory of mind (ToM) development in preschool, less is known about development and the processes that support ToM into middle childhood. The current study examined potential cognitive (i.e., executive function, verbal intelligence, and nonverbal intelligence) and social (i.e., socioeconomic status, siblings, and friendship quality) correlates of ToM in middle childhood. A total of 81 children (6.9–10.0 years of age) completed two ToM tasks (interpretive ToM and faux pas), three executive function tasks (backward-digit span, delay of gratification, and a dimensional change card sort task), a friendship-quality questionnaire, and verbal and nonverbal intelligence measures. Results indicated that executive function differentially related to ToM. Inhibition (i.e., delaying gratification) was positively related to accuracy on faux pas stories, whereas cognitive flexibility (i.e., dimensional change card sort) was related to accuracy on the interpretive ToM task. Social correlates typically found in pre-school (i.e., socioeconomic status and number of siblings) were not significant in our older sample. However, friendship quality was related to ToM performance, with negative friendship quality relating to better interpretive ToM for girls. Results indicate that older children continue to develop in ToM abilities, executive function continues to relate to ToM performance, and social experiences outside the family may be important to consider in ToM tasks appropriate for middle childhood.

中文翻译:

童年中期心理理论,执行功能和友谊质量之间的联系

摘要:尽管我们拥有丰富的学前班关于心理理论(ToM)发展的知识,但对发展和支持ToM进入儿童中期的过程知之甚少。当前的研究检查了中童时期ToM潜在的认知(即执行功能,言语智力和非语言智力)和社会(即社会经济地位,兄弟姐妹和友谊质量)的相关性。共有81名儿童(6.9-10.0岁)完成了两个ToM任务(解释性ToM和人造假),三个执行功能任务(后向数字跨度,满足感延迟和尺寸变更卡排序任务),友谊质量的问卷,以及言语和非言语智力测验。结果表明执行功能与ToM有差异。抑制(即 延迟满足)与假故事的准确性正相关,而认知灵活性(即尺寸变更卡排序)与解释性ToM任务的准确性有关。在我们的较早样本中,学龄前通常发现的社会相关因素(即社会经济地位和兄弟姐妹数量)并不重要。但是,友谊质量与ToM的表现有关,而负面的友谊质量与对女孩的更好解释性ToM有关。结果表明,年龄较大的孩子在ToM能力方面继续发展,执行功能继续与ToM的表现有关,家庭外的社交经历对于适合中年儿童的ToM任务可能是重要的。尺寸变更卡排序)与解释性ToM任务的准确性有关。在我们的较早样本中,学龄前通常发现的社会相关因素(即社会经济地位和兄弟姐妹数量)并不重要。但是,友谊质量与ToM的表现有关,而负面的友谊质量与对女孩的更好解释性ToM有关。结果表明,年龄较大的孩子在ToM能力方面继续发展,执行功能继续与ToM的表现有关,家庭外的社交经历对于适合中年儿童的ToM任务可能是重要的。尺寸变更卡排序)与解释性ToM任务的准确性有关。在我们的较早样本中,学龄前通常发现的社会相关因素(即社会经济地位和兄弟姐妹数量)并不重要。但是,友谊质量与ToM的表现有关,而负面的友谊质量与对女孩的更好解释性ToM有关。结果表明,年龄较大的孩子在ToM能力方面继续发展,执行功能继续与ToM的表现有关,家庭外的社交经历对于适合中年儿童的ToM任务可能是重要的。负面的友谊品质会给女孩带来更好的解说能力。结果表明,年龄较大的孩子在ToM能力方面继续发展,执行功能继续与ToM表现有关,家庭外的社交经历对于适合中年儿童的ToM任务可能是重要的。负面的友谊品质会给女孩带来更好的解说能力。结果表明,年龄较大的孩子在ToM能力方面继续发展,执行功能继续与ToM的表现有关,家庭外的社交经历对于适合中年儿童的ToM任务可能是重要的。
更新日期:2018-01-01
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