Abstract:This study examined relations between children's false statements and response latency, executive functioning, and truth–lie understanding in order to understand what underlies children's emerging ability to make false statements. A total of 158 (2- to 5-year-old) children earned prizes for claiming that they were looking at birds even when presented with images of fish. Children were asked recall ("What do you have?"), recognition ("Do you have a bird/fish?"), and outcome ("Did you win/lose?") questions. Response latencies were greater when children were presented with fish pictures than bird pictures, particularly when they were asked recall questions, and were greater for false statements than for true statements, again when children were asked recall questions. Older but not younger children exhibited longer latencies when making false responses to outcome questions, which suggests that younger children were providing impulsive desire-based responses to the outcome questions. Executive functioning, as measured by the Stroop task, was not related to false statements. Children who were better at labeling statements as the truth or not the truth were more proficient at making false statements. The results support the proposition that the cognitive effort required for making false statements depends on the types of questions asked.

中文翻译：

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幼儿的虚假陈述与反应潜伏期，执行功能和真理-谎言理解之间的关系

摘要：这项研究检查了儿童虚假陈述与反应潜伏期，执行功能和真实谎言之间的关系，以了解是什么构成了儿童新兴的虚假陈述能力的基础。共有158名（2至5岁）儿童因声称即使看了鱼像也正在看鸟而获得了奖励。向孩子们询问回忆（“您有什么？”），识别（“您有鸟/鱼？”）和结果（“您赢了/输了吗？”）问题。当向儿童提供鱼图片而不是鸟类图片时，反应潜伏期更大，尤其是当他们被问到回忆问题时；对于虚假陈述，其回答等待时间要比对真实陈述的回答等待者回答的真实回答更大。对结果问题做出错误的回答时，年龄较大但不是年龄较小的孩子表现出更长的等待时间，这表明年龄较小的孩子正在对结果问题提供基于冲动性欲望的回答。Stroop任务衡量的执行功能与虚假陈述无关。善于将陈述标记为事实的孩子，或者更善于将事实标记为事实的孩子，更擅长做出虚假陈述。结果支持这样的主张，即作出虚假陈述所需的认知努力取决于所提出问题的类型。善于将陈述标记为事实的孩子，或者更善于将事实标记为事实的孩子，更擅长做出虚假陈述。结果支持这样的主张，即做出虚假陈述所需的认知努力取决于所提出问题的类型。善于将陈述标记为事实的孩子，或者更善于将事实标记为事实的孩子，更擅长做出虚假陈述。结果支持这样的主张，即作出虚假陈述所需的认知努力取决于所提出问题的类型。