The release of the American Psychological Association’s (2018) first-ever Guidelines for the Psychological Practice with Boys and Men signals a paradigm shift that began over four decades ago. At that time, feminist researchers and clinicians revealed how gender-bifurcated societal expectations can negatively impact psychological wellbeing (Gilligan 1977; Miller 1976), inspiring a resurgence of interest in the psychological study of boys and men. By highlighting how pressures to conform to patriarchal constructions of femininity could constrain women’s and girls’ self-expression, and thereby undermine their relationships (Brown and Gilligan 1992; Jordan, Kaplan, Miller, Stiver, and Surrey 1991), this work raised questions about whether pressures to conform to patriarchal constructions of masculinity might be similarly detrimental to boys and men, despite the social advantages of being male and acting masculine. By developing approaches to psychological inquiry and practice that seek to understand people’s experiences from their own perspectives—and as embedded within their relational, social, and cultural contexts (Mishler 1986)—this work introduced the possibility that previous psychological and development studies—despite focusing primarily on (Caucasian, middle-class, and heterosexual) boys and men—may have “missed” boys and men by employing methods that obstructed a comprehensive understanding of their lives (and by neglecting diversity and intersectionality). And by framing human development and psychology as relational, this work challenged established models that emphasize individuation and separation in the name of maturity and, for boys, manhood (Erikson 1950; Freud [1908]1989).

中文翻译：

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APA指​​南新时代的男孩发展

美国心理学会（2018 年）首次发布《男孩和男人的心理实践指南》，标志着四十多年前开始的范式转变。当时，女权主义研究人员和临床医生揭示了性别分叉的社会期望如何对心理健康产生负面影响（Gilligan 1977；Miller 1976），激发了对男孩和男人心理研究的兴趣。通过强调遵守父权制女性气质结构的压力如何限制女性和女孩的自我表达，从而破坏她们的关系（Brown 和 Gilligan 1992；Jordan、Kaplan、Miller、Stiver 和 Surrey 1991），这项工作提出了关于遵守男性气质的父权结构的压力是否对男孩和男人同样有害，尽管男性和男性行为具有社会优势。通过开发心理探究和实践的方法，寻求从人们自己的角度理解人们的经历——并将其嵌入到他们的关系、社会和文化背景中 (Mishler 1986)——这项工作引入了以前的心理和发展研究的可能性——尽管重点是主要针对（白种人、中产阶级和异性恋）男孩和男人——可能通过采用阻碍对他们生活的全面理解的方法（并通过忽视多样性和交叉性）“错过”男孩和男人。通过将人类发展和心理学视为关系，这项工作挑战了以成熟为名强调个性化和分离的既定模型，而对于男孩来说，则是男子气概（Erikson 1950；Freud [1908]1989）。