Objectives:

Reentry experiences for the 600,000 people released annually from federal and state prisons differ vastly. We contend that gangs, which rose to prominence alongside mass incarceration, are an overlooked source of variation in reentry experiences. Drawing on precepts from the street gang literature, we test whether patterns of recidivism differ by official and survey measures of current, former, and non-gang status.

Methods:

Data from a representative sample of 802 prisoners interviewed prior to their release in 2016 were linked to 36 months of post-release arrest, conviction, and imprisonment records. Survival curves and multivariable discrete-time survival analysis were used to test for differential patterns of recidivism.

Results:

The conditional risk of recidivism varied by gang status. Current gang members maintained the greatest risk for all recidivism types. While former gang members were more likely to get arrested than non-gang members, there were no differences in conviction and imprisonment. Official and survey gang measures mostly told the same story, although official measures appeared to be more reliable determinants of recidivism than survey measures.

Conclusions:

Distinguishing former from current and non-gang members is important for policy, practice, and research. These findings renew calls to understand and respond to social groups and networks like gangs for prisoner reentry.

中文翻译：

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帮派隶属关系和囚犯折返：按当前，以前和非帮派身份的累犯离散时间变化

目标：

每年从联邦监狱和州监狱释放的60万人的再入院经历差异很大。我们认为，随着大规模监禁而声名狼藉的帮派，是再入经历中变化的一个被忽视的根源。根据街头帮派文献的戒律，我们通过官方和当前，过去和非帮派身份的调查方法，检验累犯的模式是否有所不同。

方法：

来自2016年被释放之前接受采访的802名囚犯的代表性样本数据与释放后的36个月逮捕，定罪和监禁记录相关联。生存曲线和多变量离散时间生存分析用于测试累犯的不同模式。

结果：

累犯的条件风险因帮派身份而异。当前的帮派成员对所有累犯类型都拥有最大的风险。尽管前帮派成员比非帮派成员更容易被逮捕，但定罪和监禁没有区别。官方和调查团伙的措施大体上讲的是同一故事，尽管官方措施似乎比累进措施更可靠地决定累犯。

结论：

在政策，实践和研究中，将前者与现任和非帮派成员区分开是很重要的。这些发现再次呼吁人们理解并回应社会团体和网络，例如帮派囚犯重返社会的帮派。