Objectives: Crime reporting intentions have been associated with ratings of police legitimacy and effectiveness. Less is known about the role of personal encounters with police. We explore this issue by specifying associations between reporting intentions and type of contact (involuntary/voluntary), scope (cumulative/recent), and appraisal (respect/satisfaction with last encounter). Methods: This study draws on surveys of young adults in New York City (N = 508) and uses structural equation modeling to examine correlates of crime reporting intentions. Results: Respondents with more stops are less willing to report, and this effect is both direct and indirect, operating primarily via legitimacy. The association between reporting intentions and variety of voluntary contacts is direct and positive. Negative appraisals of recent stops are associated with lower reporting intentions but only indirectly; feelings of disrespect in recent stops are mediated by perceptions of legitimacy. Dissatisfaction with a recent voluntary contact is related to negative views of police effectiveness, but effectiveness does not shape reporting intentions. Instead, disrespectful voluntary contact has a direct negative relationship with reporting attitudes. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of better-specifying contact with the police, as reporting intentions and related perceptions of law enforcement vary across experience and appraisal mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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从印象到意图：警察联系对主动向执法部门举报犯罪行为的直接和间接影响

目标：犯罪举报意图已与警察的合法性和有效性等级相关。人们对与警察的个人接触的作用知之甚少。我们通过指定报告意图与联系类型（非自愿/自愿），范围（累积/近期）和评估（对上次相遇的尊重/满意）之间的关联来探讨此问题。方法：本研究以纽约市（N = 508）的年轻成年人为调查对象，并使用结构方程模型检查犯罪报告意图的相关性。结果：停止更多的受访者不太愿意报告，这种影响是直接的和间接的，主要是通过合法性来实现的。报告意图与各种自愿联系之间的联系是直接和积极的。对最近停止的负面评价与较低的报告意图有关，但仅是间接的；在最近的停留中不尊重的感觉是由合法性的观念所介导的。对最近自愿联系的不满与对警察效力的负面看法有关，但效力不会影响举报意图。取而代之的是，无礼的自愿接触与报告态度有着直接的消极关系。结论：结果强调了与警方进行更好规范的联系的重要性，因为报告的意图和对执法的相关认识因经验和评估机制而异。对最近自愿联系的不满与对警察效力的负面看法有关，但效力不会影响举报意图。取而代之的是，无礼的自愿接触与报告态度有着直接的消极关系。结论：结果强调了与警方进行更好规范的联系的重要性，因为报告的意图和对执法的相关认识因经验和评估机制而异。对最近自愿联系的不满与对警察效力的负面看法有关，但效力不会影响举报意图。取而代之的是，无礼的自愿接触与报告态度有着直接的消极关系。结论：结果强调了与警方进行更好规范的联系的重要性，因为报告的意图和对执法的相关认识在经验和评估机制上有所不同。