Objectives: Growing evidence indicates that criminologists should incorporate emotional states, such as fear, into standard deterrence frameworks. Within the fear of crime literature, there is empirical support for the “sensitivity to risk” model, which posits perceived victimization control and severity drive certainty perceptions, and these cognitions, in turn, drive fear of crime. We apply this logic to offender decision-making. Methods: Using a sample of young adults (N = 829), an anonymous online survey, and path analysis, this study investigates an expanded model of deterrence. Results: Perceived control over apprehension directly reduced perceptions of the certainty of being apprehended. Perceived severity was both directly and indirectly, through perceived certainty, associated with greater fear of apprehension. Fear of apprehension is negatively associated with reported criminal propensity, and the effects of cognitive judgments of control, severity, and certainty have an indirect effect on reported criminal propensity via fear of apprehension. Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the need to better understand the psychological and emotional aspects of deterrence. Individuals do not simply consult their preformed certainty perceptions when considering crime. Identifying all of the relevant cognitions and the emotions is critical for advancing criminological theories and improving crime policies.

中文翻译：

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感知的控制力，严重性，确定性和情感恐惧感：测试威慑力的扩展模型

目标：越来越多的证据表明，犯罪学家应将诸如恐惧之类的情绪状态纳入标准威慑框架中。在对犯罪的恐惧文献中，对“风险敏感性”模型提供了经验支持，该模型假定感知的受害控制和严重性会驱动确定性感知，而这些认知反过来又会导致对犯罪的恐惧。我们将此逻辑应用于罪犯的决策。方法：本研究使用年轻人（N = 829）样本，匿名在线调查和路径分析，研究了威慑的扩展模型。结果：对恐惧的感知控制直接降低了对被拘捕的确定性的认识。感知的严重性是通过感知的确定性直接或间接地伴随着对恐惧的更大恐惧。对恐惧的恐惧与举报的犯罪倾向呈负相关，控制，严重性和确定性的认知判断的影响通过担心恐惧对举报的犯罪倾向具有间接影响。结论：我们的发现表明需要更好地理解威慑的心理和情感方面。在考虑犯罪时，个人不会简单地参考他们预先形成的确定性观念。识别所有相关的认知和情感对于推进犯罪学理论和改善犯罪政策至关重要。我们的发现表明，需要更好地理解威慑的心理和情感方面。在考虑犯罪时，个人不会简单地参考他们预先形成的确定性观念。识别所有相关的认知和情感对于推进犯罪学理论和改善犯罪政策至关重要。我们的发现表明，需要更好地理解威慑的心理和情感方面。在考虑犯罪时，个人不会简单地参考他们预先形成的确定性观念。识别所有相关的认知和情感对于推进犯罪学理论和改善犯罪政策至关重要。